Factor viii c2 domain variants

ABSTRACT

Specific amino acid loci of human factor VIII interact with inhibitory antibodies of hemophilia patients after being treated with factor VIII. Modified factor VIII is disclosed in which the amino acid sequence is changed by a substitution at one or more of the specific loci. The modified factor VIII si useful for hemophiliacs, either to avoid or prevent the action of inhibitory antibodies.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/334,569, filed Nov. 30, 2001.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF FEDERAL RESEARCH SUPPORT

[0002] This invention was made, at least in part, with funding from the National Institutes of Health under contract No. F01-HL46215. Accordingly, the U.S. government may have certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This invention relates generally to a modified mammalian factor VIII having amino acid substitutions which reduce its immunogenicity and/or antigenicity as compared to the proteins from which they were derived or other factor VIII preparations such as human factor VIII.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Blood clotting begins when platelets adhere to the cut wall of an injured blood vessel at a lesion site. Subsequently, in a cascade of enzymatically regulated reactions, soluble fibrinogen molecules are converted by the enzyme thrombin to insoluble strands of fibrin that hold the platelets together in a thrombus. At each step in the cascade, a protein precursor is converted to a protease that cleaves the next protein precursor in the series. Co-factors are required at most of the steps.

[0005] Factor VIII circulates as an inactive precursor in blood, bound tightly and non-covalently to von Willebrand factor. Factor VIII is proteolytically activated by thrombin or factor Xa, which dissociates it from von Willebrand factor and activates its procoagulant function in the cascade. In its active form, the protein factor VIIIa is a cofactor that increases the catalytic efficiency of factor IXa toward factor X activation by several orders of magnitude.

[0006] People with deficiencies in factor VIII or antibodies against factor VIII who are not treated with factor VIII suffer uncontrolled internal bleeding that may cause a range of serious symptoms, from inflammatory reactions in joints to early death. Severe hemophiliacs, who number about 10,000 in the United States, can be treated with infusion of human factor VIII, which will restore the blood's normal clotting ability if administered with sufficient frequency and concentration. The classical definition of factor VIII is that substance present in normal blood plasma that corrects the clotting defect in plasma derived from individuals with hemophilia A.

[0007] The development of antibodies (“inhibitors” or “inhibitory antibodies”) that inhibit the activity of factor VIII is a serious complication in the management of patients with hemophilia. Autoantibodies develop in approximately 20% of patients with hemophilia A in response to therapeutic infusions of factor VIII. In previously untreated patients with hemophilia A who develop inhibitors, the inhibitors usually develops within one year of treatment. Additionally, autoantibodies that inactivate factor VIII occasionally develop in individuals with previously normal factor VIII levels. Inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) to factor VIII (fVIII) either develop as alloantibodies in hemophilia A patients following fVIII infusions or as autoantibodies in nonhemophiliacs [Hoyer, L. W. and D. Scandella (1994) Semin.Hematol. 31:1-5]. Antibodies to epitopes in the A2, ap-A3, and C2 domains within the A1-A2-B-ap-A3-C1-C2 fVIII molecule are responsible for all anticoagulant activity in most inhibitor plasmas [Prescott, R. el al., (1997) Blood 89:3663-3671; Barrow, R. T. et al., (2000) Blood 95:557-561]. The 18-kDa C2 domain, defined as residues Ser2173- Tyr2332 in single chain human fVIII, contains a phospholipid membrane-binding site that is necessary for the normal procoagulant function of fVIII. Human anti-fVIII antibodies specific for the C2 domain inhibit this interaction [Arai, M. etal., (1989) J. Clin. Invest. 83:1978-1984]. Consistent with this, phospholipid protects fVIII from inactivation by fVIII inhibitors [Arai et al., supra; Barrowdliffe, T. W. et al., (1983) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 101:34-43]. The C2 domain also contains part of the von Willebrand factor (vWf) binding site (Saenko, E. L. et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:11601-11605; Saenko, E. L. and Scandella, D. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:18007-180141. Some inhibitors may act by interfering with this interaction [Shima, M. et al., (1995) Br. J. Haematol. 91:714-72 1; Saenko, E. L. et al., (1996)J. Biol. Chem. 271:27424-2743 1; Gilles, J. G. et al., (1999) Thromb. Haemost. 82:40-45].

[0008] Patients with hemophilia A can be managed by increasing the dose of factor VIII provided the inhibitor titer is low enough. However, often the inhibitor titer is so high that it cannot be overcome by factor VIII administration. An alternative strategy is to bypass the need for factor VIII during normal hemostasis using factor IX complex preparations (for example, KONYNE®, Proplex®) or recombinant human factor VIIIa. Additionally, since porcine factor VIII usually has substantially less reactivity with inhibitors than human factor VIII, a partially purified porcine factor VIII preparation (HYATE:C®) is used. Many patients who have developed inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII have been successfully treated with porcine factor VIII and have tolerated such treatment for long periods of time. However,administration of porcine factor VIII is not a complete solution because inhibitors may develop to porcine factor VIII after one or more infusions.

[0009] Several preparations of human plasma-derived factor VIII of varying degrees of purity are available commercially for the treatment of hemophilia A. These include a partially-purified factor VIII derived from the pooled blood of many donors that is heat- and detergent-treated for viruses but contain a significant level of antigenic proteins; a monoclonal antibody-purified factor VIII that has lower levels of antigenic impurities and viral contamination; and recombinant human factor VIII, clinical trials for which are underway. Unfortunately, human factor VIII is unstable at physiologic concentrations and pH, is present in blood at an extremely low concentration (0.2 μg/ml plasma), and has low specific clotting activity.

[0010] Hemophiliacs require daily replacement of factor VIII to prevent bleeding and the resulting deforming hemophilic arthropathy. However, supplies have been inadequate and problems in therapeutic use occur due to difficulty in isolation and purification, immunogenicity, and the risk of contamination by viruses such as HIV, hepatitis and the like. The use of recombinant human factor VIII or partially-purified porcine factor VIII will not resolve all the problems.

[0011] The problems associated with the commonly used, commercially available, plasma-derived factor VIII have stimulated significant interest in the development of a better factor VIII product. There is a need for a high specific activity factor VIII molecule so that adequate clotting activity can be delivered in a smaller dose; a factor VIII molecule that is stable at a selected pH and physiologic concentration; a factor VIII molecule that is less immunogenic; and a factor VIII molecule that is not inhibited in patients who have already developed antibodies to human factor

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,371 to Lollar describes amino acid substitutions in the A2 domain of human factor VIII which alter the antigenicity of the resulting factor VIII molecules. U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,204 to Lollar discloses the site specific replacement of amino acids in the 484-509 region of human factor VIII. More specifically, the '204 patent teaches modified factor VIII with amino acid substitutions at positions 485, 487, 488, 489, 492, 495, 501 or 508 relative to the human protein. U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,974 to Lollar et al. discloses hybrid procoagulant factor VIII produced by the isolation and recombination of human and other non-human factor VIII subunits or domains. U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,446 to Lollar et al. describes hybrid factor VIII having amino acid substitutions in the A2 domain. U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,060 to Lollar et al. describes hybrid factor VIII having combinations of non-human and human heavy and light chain subunits. U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,209 describes nucleic acids encoding the hybrid factor VIII molecules in the '060 patent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,771 describes purified hybrid factor VIII made of human and porcine combinations of the heavy and light subunits. Also disclosed is human factor VIII with porcine A2 domain substituted for the human A2 domain.

[0013] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,180,371; 5,888,974; 5,859,204; 5,744,446; 5,663,060; 5,583,209; and 5,364,771 (all of which are incorporated herein by reference) do not disclose substitutions or suggest specific amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain of factor VIII which reduce antigenicity or immunogenicity as compared to wild-type factor VIII or the corresponding recombinant factor VIII.

[0014] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a modified factor VIII that corrects hemophilia in a patient deficient in factor VIII or having inhibitory antibodies to the C2 domain of factor VIII.

[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide methods for treatment of hemophiliacs.

[0016] It is still another object of the present invention to provide a factor VIII that is stable at a selected pH and physiologic concentration.

[0017] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a factor VIII that has greater coagulant activity than human factor VIII.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The present invention generally relates to recombinant modified factor VIII. The compositions of the invention provide isolated, purified recombinant modified factor VIII molecules with coagulant activity wherein the recombinant factor VIII has amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain which reduce antigenicity as compared to normal human factor VIII or other factor VIII having a normal human factor VIII C2 domain. DNA sequences encoding the compositions of the invention as well as methods of producing the modified recombinant factor VIII are also provided. Methods of treating patients in need of treatment with factor VIII are also within the scope of this invention.

[0019] A first embodiment of the invention provides compositions having recombinant mammalian factor VIII with amino acid substitution(s) in the C2 domain. The amino acid substitution(s) in the C2 domain of the modified recombinant factor VIII reduce the anticoagulant activity of inhibitory antibodies as compared to normal human factor VIII or factor VIII having a normal human factor VIII C2 domain. The compositions of this embodiment have coagulant activity and reduced binding to inhibitory antibodies directed against the C2 domain.

[0020] In one aspect of this embodiment, the compositions relate to recombinant mammalian factor VIII having at least one amino acid substitution in the C2 domain at positions corresponding to human factor VIII at R2215, W2313, R2220, R2320, Y2195, F2196 and F2290. The compositions of this embodiment can be a single mutant, a double mutant, a triple mutant, or other multiple mutants. Examples of amino acid substitutions of the invention include, but are not limited to, R2215A, R2215K, W2313A, W2313F, R2220A, R2220K, R2320A, R2320K, Y2195H, Y2195A, F2196L, F2196A, F2290S and F2290A, all of which are referenced to the human factor VIII numbering system wherein amino acid number 1 is the amino terminal alanine of mature factor VIII. Substitutions in either recombinant porcine or human factor VIII are preferred. Preferred amino acid substitutions include those which are immunoreactivity reducing. Substitutions at positions 2220, 2196, and 2215 are preferred.

[0021] A second embodiment of the invention provides novel hybrid factor VIII compositions having recombinant factor VIII with amino acid substitution(s) in the C2 domain. The novel compositions of this embodiment are constructed by preparing hybrid factor VIII with amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain. The other domains of factor VIII may be derived from a variety of mammals such as human, mouse, pig, rat, and canine and so on. The novel compositions of this embodiment have coagulant activity and reduced binding to inhibitory antibodies. Examples of amino acid substitutions of the invention include, but are not limited to, R2215A, R2215K, W2313A, W2313F, R2220A, R2220K, R2320A, R2320K, Y2195H, Y2195A, F2 96L, F2196A, F2290S and F2290A, all of which are referenced to the human factor VIII numbering system wherein amino acid number 1 is the amino terminal alanine of mature factor VIII. Substitutions in either recombinant porcine or human factor VIII are preferred. Preferred amino acid substitutions include those which are immunoreactivity reducing. Substitutions at positions 2220, 2196, and 2215 are preferred.

[0022] Another embodiment of the invention provides DNA sequences comprising coding sequences for the novel compositions of the invention. Yet another embodiment of the invention provides methods of producing the novel compositions of the invention.

[0023] The invention also provides a method for reducing the immunogenicity of factor VIII molecules as well as recombinant factor VIII with reduced immunogenicity produced by the method. In particular, modified recombinant factor VIII molecule and methods of making such molecules with reduced immunogenicity that have substitutions in the C2 domain are described.

[0024] Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating patients having factor VIII deficiency comprising administering recombinant modified factor VIII and hybrid version thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025]FIGS. 1A-1H taken together provide an aligned sequence comparison of the human, pig and mouse factor VIII amino acid sequences.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] The present invention generally relates to recombinant modified factor VIII. The composition of the invention provides isolated, purified recombinant modified factor VIII molecules with coagulant activity. It was discovered that mutations in the C2 domain of factor VIII in amino acid residues identified in a recently available x-ray structure, reduced the binding of inhibitory antibodies of the mutants as compared to the normal human factor VIII or factor VIII having a normal human factor VIII C2 domain. Thus, the compositions of the invention provide recombinant factor VIII with amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain which reduce antigenicity as compared to normal human factor VIII or factor VIII having a normal human factor VIII C2 domain. Furthermore, the invention also provides recombinant factor VIII with amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain which reduce antigenicity as compared to other available factor VIII preparations. The invention also provides recombinant factor VIII with immunoreactivity reducing amino acid substitutions in the C2 domain. Related embodiments of the invention provide for methods of treating patients in need of factor VIII treatment, methods of producing the novel recombinant factor VIII compositions of the invention, DNA sequences encoding the novel recombinant factor VIII proteins, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the novel factor VIII proteins.

[0027] The present invention further provides active recombinant hybrid factor VIII molecules or fragments thereof, the nucleic acid sequences encoding these hybrids, methods of preparing and isolating them, and methods for characterizing them. These hybrids can be human/animal, animal/animal, porcine/human or other such hybrid factor VIII molecules, and further have at least one specific amino acid sequence in the C2 domain including one or more unique amino acids of the factor VIII of one species substituted for the corresponding amino acid sequence (or amino acid) of the factor VIII of the other species; or have at least one sequence in the C2 domain including one or more amino acids having no known sequence identity to factor VIII substituted for specific amino acid sequence in human, animal, porcine or hybrid factor VIII. The resulting recombinant hybrid factor VIII has reduced or no immunoreactivity to factor VIII inhibitory antibodies, compared to proteins from which they were derived.

[0028] A “corresponding” nucleic acid or amino acid or sequence of either, as used herein, is one present at a site in a factor VIII molecule or fragment thereof that has the same structure and/or function as a site in the factor VIII molecule of another species, although the nucleic acid or amino acid number may not be identical. A DNA sequence “corresponding to” another factor VIII sequence substantially corresponds to such sequence, and hybridizes to the sequence of the designated SEQ ID NO. under stringent conditions. A DNA sequence “corresponding to” another factor VIII sequence also includes a sequence that results in the expression of a factor VIII or fragment thereof and would hybridize to the designated SEQ ID NO. but for the redundancy of the genetic code.

[0029] A “unique” amino acid residue or sequence, as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequence or residue in the factor VIII molecule of one species that is different from the homologous residue or sequence in the factor VIII molecule of another species. “Specific activity,” as used herein, refers to the activity that will correct the coagulation defect of human factor VIII deficient plasma. Specific activity is measured in units of clotting activity per milligram total factor VIII protein in a standard assay in which the clotting time of human factor VIII deficient plasma is compared to that of normal human plasma. One unit of factor VIII activity is the activity present in one milliliter of normal human plasma. In the assay, the shorter the time for clot formation, the greater the activity of the factor VIII being assayed. Porcine factor VIII has coagulation activity in a human factor VIII assay.

[0030] “Expression” refers to the set of processes that occur whereby genetic information is utilized to yield a product. A DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of porcine factor VIII can be “expressed” within a mammalian host cell to yield porcine factor VIII protein. The materials, genetic structures, host cells and conditions which permit expression of a given DNA sequence to occur are well-known in the art and can be manipulated to affect the time and amount of expression, as well as the intra- or extra-cellular location of the expressed protein. For example, by including DNA encoding a signal peptide at the 5′ end of the DNA encoding porcine factor VIII (the 5′ end being, by convention, that end encoding the NH₂ terminus of the protein) the expressed protein becomes exported from the interior of the host cell into the culture medium. Providing a signal peptide coding DNA in combination with the porcine factor VIII coding DNA is advantageous because the expressed factor VIII is exported into the culture medium which simplifies the process of purification. A preferred signal peptide is a mammalian factor VIII signal peptide.

[0031] Factor VIII is synthesized as an approximately 300 kDa single chain protein with internal sequence homology that defines the “domain” sequence NH₂-A 1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2-COOH. In a factor VIII molecule, a “domain”, as used herein, is a continuous sequence of amino acids that is defined by internal amino acid sequence identity and sites of proteolytic cleavage by thrombin. Unless otherwise specified, factor VIII domains include the following amino acid residues, when the sequences are aligned with the human amino acid sequence A1, residues Ala1-Arg372; A2, residues Ser373-Arg740; B, residues Ser741-Arg1648; A3, residues Ser1690-1le2032; C1, residues Arg2033-Asn2172; C2, residues Ser2173-Tyr2332. The A3-C1-C2 sequence includes residues Ser1690-Tyr2332. The remaining segment, residues Glu1649-Arg1689, is usually referred to as the factor VIII light chain activation peptide. Factor VIII is proteolytically activated by thrombin or factor Xa, which dissociates it from von Willebrand factor, forming factor VIIIa, which has procoagulant function. The biological function of factor VIIIa is to increase the catalytic efficiency of factor IXa toward factor X activation by several orders of magnitude. Thrombin-activated factor VIIIa is a 160 kDa A1/A2/A3-C1-C2 heterotrimer that forms a complex with factor IXa and factor X on the surface of platelets or monocytes. A “partial domain” as used herein is a continuous sequence of amino acids forming part of a domain.

[0032] “Subunits” of human or animal factor VIII, as used herein, are the heavy and light chains of the protein. The heavy chain of factor VIII contains three domains, A1, A2, and B. The light chain of factor VIII also contains three domains, A3, C1, and C2.

[0033] The terms “epitope,” “antigenic site,” and “antigenic determinant,” as used herein, are used synonymously and are defined as a portion of the human, or animal factor VIII or fragment there of that is specifically recognized by an antibody. It can consist of anynumberofamino acid residues, and it can be dependent upon the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure of the protein.

[0034] The term “immunogenic site,” as used herein, is defined as a region of the human or animal factor VIII, or fragment thereof, that specifically elicits the production of antibody to the factor VIII, or fragment, in a human or animal, as measured by routine protocols, such as immunoassay, e.g. ELISA, or the Bethesda assay, described herein. It can consist of any number of amino acid residues, and it can be dependent upon the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure of the protein. In some embodiments, the hybrid or hybrid equivalent factor VIII or fragment thereof is nonimmunogenic or less immunogenic in an animal or human than human or porcine factor VIII. “Factor VIII deficiency,” as used herein, includes deficiency in clotting activity caused by production of defective factor VIII, by inadequate or no production of factor VIII, or by partial or total inhibition of factor VIII by inhibitors. Hemophilia A is a type of factor VIII deficiency resulting from a defect in an X-linked gene and the absence or deficiency of the factor VIII protein it encodes.

[0035] As used herein, “diagnostic assays” include assays that in some manner utilize the antigen-antibody interaction to detect and/or quantify the amount of a particular molecule that is present in a test sample to assist in the selection of medical therapies. There are many such assays known to those of skill in the art. As used herein, human, porcine or modified porcine factor VIII DNA or fragment thereof and protein expressed therefrom, in whole or in part, can be substituted for the corresponding reagents in the otherwise known assays, whereby the modified assays may be used to detect and/or quantify antibodies to factor VIII. It is the use of these reagents, the factor VIII DNA or fragment thereof or protein expressed therefrom, that permits modification of known assays for detection of antibodies to human or animal factor VIII. Such assays include, but are not limited to ELISAs, immunodiffusion assays, and immunoblots. Suitable methods for practicing any of these assays are known to those of skill in the art. As used herein, the factor VIII or fragment thereof that includes at least one epitope of the protein can be used as the diagnostic reagent. Examples of other assays in which human, porcine or modified porcine factor VIII or fragment thereof can be used include the Bethesda assay and anticoagulation assays.

[0036] The term “DNA encoding a protein, such as porcine factor VIII” means a polydeoxynucleic acid whose nucleotide sequence embodies coding information to a host cell for the amino acid sequence of the protein, e.g. porcine factor VIII, according to the known relationships of the genetic code.

[0037] The “expression product” of a DNA encoding a human or animal factor VIII or a modified factor VIII is the product obtained from expression of the referenced DNA in a suitable host cell, including such features of pre- or post-translational modification of protein encoded by the referenced DNA, including but not limited to glycosylation, proteolytic cleavage and the like. It is known in the art that such modifications can occur and can differ somewhat depending upon host cell type and other factors, and can result in molecular isoforms of the product, with retention of procoagulant activity. See, e.g. Lind, P. et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 232:1927 (1995), incorporated herein by reference.

[0038] An “expression vector” is a DNA element, often of circular structure, having the ability to replicate autonomously in a desired host cell, or to integrate into a host cell genome and also possessing certain well-known features which permit expression of a coding DNA inserted into the vector sequence at the proper site and in proper orientation. Such features can include, but are not limited to, one or more promoter sequences to direct transcription initiation of the coding DNA and other DNA elements such as enhancers, polyadenylation sites and the like, all as well known in the art. The term “expression vector” is used to denote both a vector having a DNA coding sequence to be expressed inserted within its sequence, and a vector having the requisite expression control elements so arranged with respect to an insertion site that it can serve to express any coding DNA inserted into the site, all as well-known in the art. Thus, for example, a vector lacking a promoter can become an expression vector by the insertion of a promoter combined with a coding DNA.

[0039] “Immunoreactivity reducing” amino acids are defined herein as those amino acids that are minor contributors, if at all, to the binding energy of an antibody-antigen pair. Non-limiting examples of some amino acids known to be immunoreactivity-reducing include alanine, methionine, leucine, serine, and glycine. It will be understood that reduction of immunoreactivity achievable by a given substitution in a given antibody-antigen pair can also occur by substitution of amino acid other than those listed above if they affect protein conformation, eptope accessibility and the like.

[0040] Discovery of Mutations in Factor VIII Which Reduce Binding of Inhibitory Antibodies The fVIII C2 domain, consisting of amino acid residues 2173-2332, contains a major antigenic site or sites for most inhibitory antibodies in patients with hemophilia A or acquired hemophilia. The inhibitory action of these antibodies primarily appears to be due to inhibition of binding of fVIII to procoagulant phospholipid membranes. The X-ray structure of the human fVIII C2 domain reveals a putative hydrophobic phospholipid membrane-binding site consisting of loops containing M2199/F2200 and L2251/L2252 [Barrow, R. T., et al.(2001) Blood97:169-174]. These loops participate in binding inhibitory anti-C2 antibodies as judged by the reduction in antigenicity observed when they are substituted by homologous porcine, murine or canine residues. Identification of additional antigenic residues was accomplished by mutating seven surface-exposed sites around the membrane-binding site to create the following constructs: Y2195H, Y2195A, F2196L, F2196A, R2215K, R2215A, R2220K, R2220A, F2290S, F2290A, W2313F, W2313A, R2320K and R2320A. The mutants were expressed in baby hamster kidney cells. W2313A and R2320K yielded low level expression and were not evaluated further. To facilitate screening these mutants, 44 patient inhibitor plasmas were tested for C2 specificity using a recombinant human/porcine fVIII molecule, HP20, which contains the porcine C2 domain in place of the corresponding human domain. The cross-reactivity of 11 plasmas toward HP20 was as low or nearly as low as recombinant B domainless porcine fVIII, indicating that they are C2-specific. Of these plasmas, 8 were evaluated with respect to the C2 mutants using the Bethesda assay. Mutations at R2215, R2220, and F2196, but not W2313, R2320, F2290 or Y2195 produced lower antigenicity than wild type fVIII with respect to 2 inhibitor plasmas (DR and JF). The remaining six inhibitor plasmas did not demonstrate a reduction in Bethesda titer toward any of the mutants, indicating that they do not recognize amino acids R2215, R2220, F2196, W2313, R2320, F2290 or Y2195.

[0041] In conclusion, residues R2215, R2220, and F2196 contribute to the binding of fVIII to inhibitory antibodies. The data demonstrate that amino acid residues outside the membrane binding loops, can contribute to antibody binding. The data disclosed herein indicate that substitution of immunoreactivity reducing amino acids in such residues can reduce inhibition by inhibitory antibodies specific to the C2 domain of factor VIII. Substitution of immunoreactivity reducing amino acids at residues outside of the membrane binding loops with similar substitutions within the membrane binding loops, e.g., positions 2199,2220,2251, and 2252 can be expected to further reduce the inhibition of certain inhibitory antibodies reactive with the C2 domain.

[0042] Mutations were made in a B domainless form of human fVIII designated HSQ [Lind, P.,K. et al. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 232:19-27] by splicing-by-overlap extension mutagenesis as described previously [Lubin, I. M., etal.(1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272:30191-30195]. The following mutations, with corresponding nucleotide changes, were made: R2215A AGG to GCC R2215K AGG to AAG W2313A TGG to GCC W2313F TGG to TTC R2220A AGA to GCC R2220K AGA to AAG R2320A AGG to GCC R2320K AGG to AAG Y2195H TAC to CAC Y2195A TAC to GCC F2196L TTT to CTG F2196A TTT to GCC F2290S TTC to TCT F2290A TTC to GCT

General Description of Methods

[0043] U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,771 described the discovery of hybrid human/porcine factor VIII molecules having coagulant activity, in which elements of the factor VIII molecule of human or pig are substituted for corresponding elements of the factor VIII molecule of the other species. U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,060 describes procoagulant hybrid human/animal and hybrid equivalent factor VIII molecules, in which elements of the factor VIII molecule of one species are substituted for corresponding elements of the factor VIII molecule of the other species.

[0044] Since current information indicates that the B domain has no inhibitory epitope and has no known effect on factor VIII function, in some embodiments the B domain is wholly or partially deleted in the active hybrid or hybrid equivalent factor VIII molecules or fragments thereof (“B(−) factor VIII”) prepared by any of the methods described herein.

[0045] The human factor VIII gene was isolated and expressed in mammalian cells, as reported by Toole, J. J. et al. (1984) Nature 312:342-347 (Genetics Institute); Gitschier, J. et al.(1984) Nature 312:326-330 (Genentech); Wood, W. I. et al. (1984) Nature 312:330-337 (Genentech); Vehar, G. A. etal. (1984) Nature 312:337-342 (Genentech); WO 87/04187; WO 88/08035; WO 88/03558; U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,006, and the amino acid sequence was deduced from cDNA. U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,199 to Capon et al. discloses a recombinant DNA method for producing factor VIII in mammalian host cells and purification of human factor VIII. Human factor VIII expression in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells and BHKC (baby hamster kidney cells) has been reported. Human factor VIII has been modified to delete part or all of the B domain (U.S. Pat. No.4,868,112), and replacement of the human factor VIII B domain with the human factor V B domain has been attempted (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,803).

[0046] Porcine factor VIII has been isolated from plasma [Fass, D. N. et al. (1982) Blood 59:594]. Partial amino acid sequence of porcine factor VIII corresponding to portions of the N-terminal light chain sequence having homology to ceruloplasmin and coagulation factor V was described by Church et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6934. Toole, J. J. et al. (1984) Nature 312:342-347 described the partial sequencing of the N-terminal end of four amino acid fragments of porcine factor VIII but did not characterize the fragments as to their positions in the factor VIII molecule. The amino acid sequence of the B and part of the A2 domains of porcine factor VIII were reported by Toole, J. J. et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 83:5939-5942. The cDNA sequence encoding the complete A2 domain of porcine factor VIII and predicted amino acid sequence and hybrid human/porcine factor VIII having substitutions of all domains, all subunits, and specific amino acid sequences were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,771 entitled “Hybrid Human/Porcine factor VIII” issued on Nov. 15, 1994, and in WO 93/20093 published Oct. 14, 1993. The cDNA sequence encoding the A2 domain of porcine factor VIII corresponds to residues 373-740 in mature human factor VIII. More recently, the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences of part of the A1 domain lacking the first 198 amino acids and of the A2 domain of porcine factor VIII were reported in WO 94/11503, published May 26, 1994. The entire nucleotide sequence encoding porcine factor VIII, including the complete A1 domain, activation peptide, A3, C1 and C2 domains, as well as the encoded amino acid sequence, was finally obtained by Lollar, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. 5,859,204, issued Jan. 12, 1999, and in WO 97/49725, published Dec. 31, 1997, both incorporated herein by reference.

[0047] Both porcine and human factor VIII are isolated from plasma as a two subunit protein. The subunits, known as the heavy chain and light chain, are held together by a non-covalent bond that requires calcium or other divalent metal ions. The heavy chain of factor VIII contains three domains, A1, A2, and B, which are linked covalently. The light chain of factor VIII also contains three domains, designated A3, C1, and C2. The B domain has no known biological function and can be removed, or partially removed from the molecule proteolytically or by recombinant DNA technology methods without significant alteration in any measurable parameter of factor VIII. Human recombinant factor VIII has a similar structure and function to plasma-derived factor VIII, though it is not glycosylated unless expressed in mammalian cells.

[0048] Both human and porcine activated factor VIII (“factor VIIIa”) have three subunits due to cleavage of the heavy chain between the A1 and A2 domains. This structure is designated A1/A2/A3-C1-C2. Human factor VIIIa is not stable under the conditions that stabilize porcine factor VIIIa, presumably because of the weaker association of the A2 subunit of human factor VIIIa. Dissociation of the A2 subunit of human and porcine factor VIIIa is associated with loss of activity in the factor Villa molecule. Yakhymv, A. et al. (1997) Blood 90:Suppl. 1, Abstract #126, reported binding of A2 domain by low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, suggesting that cellular uptake of A2 mediated by such binding acts to down-regulate factor VIII activity.

[0049] Expression of “B-domainless factor VIII” is enhanced by including portions of the B-domain. The inclusion of those parts of the B domain designated “SQ” [Lind, P. et al. (1995) supra] was reported to result in favorable expression. “SQ” constructs lack all of the human B domain except for 5 amino acids of the B domain N-terminus and 9 amino acids of the B domain C-terminus. POL1212 constructs refer to cDNA encoding porcine factor VIII lacking most of the B domain but containing DNA sequence encoding a 24 amino acid linker between the A2 and ap domains as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/523,656 filed Mar. 10^(th) 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0050] The purified modified factor VIII or fragment thereof can be assayed for immunoreactivity and coagulation activity by standard assays including, for example, the plasma-free factor VIII assay, the one-stage clotting assay, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified recombinant human factor VIII as a standard.

[0051] Other vectors, including both plasmid and eukaryotic viral vectors, may be used to express a recombinant gene construct in eukaryotic cells depending on the preference and judgment of the skilled practitioner [see, for example, Chapter 16 in Sambrook et al. “Molecular Cloning” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, N.Y.]. Other vectors and expression systems, including bacterial, yeast, and insect cell systems, can be used but are not preferred due to differences in, or lack of, glycosylation.

[0052] Recombinant factor VIII protein can be expressed in a variety of cells commonly used for culture and recombinant mammalian protein expression. In particular, a number of rodent cell lines have been found to be especially useful hosts for expression of large proteins. Preferred cell lines, available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, include baby hamster kidney cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which are cultured using routine procedures and media.

[0053] The basis for the greater coagulant activity of porcine factor VIII appears to be the more rapid spontaneous dissociation of the human A2 subunit from human factor VIIIa than the porcine A2 subunit from porcine factor VIIIa. Dissociation of the A2 subunit leads to loss of activity, [Lollar, P. et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:1688-1692; Lollar, P. et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:23652-23657; Fay, P. J. et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:13246-13250].

[0054] Factor VIII Molecules with Reduced Immunoreactivity

[0055] Epitopes that are immunoreactive with antibodies that inhibit the coagulant activity of factor VIII (“inhibitors” or “inhibitory antibodies”) have been characterized based on known structure-function relationships in factor VIII. Presumably, inhibitors could act by disrupting any of the macromolecular interactions associated with the domain structure of factor VIII or its associations with von Willebrand factor, thrombin, factor Xa, factor Ixa, or factor X. However, most inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII act by binding to epitopes located in the 40 kDa A2 domain or 20 kDa C2 domain of factor VIII, disrupting specific functions associated with these domains, as described by Fulcher et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci USA 82:7728-7732; and Scandella et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6152-6156. In addition to the A2 and C2 epitopes, there may be a third epitope in the A3 or C1 domain of the light chain of factor VIII, according to Scandella et al. (1993) Blood 82:1767-1775. The significance of this putative third epitope is unknown, but it appears to account for a minor fraction of the epitope reactivity in factor VIII.

[0056] Anti-A2 antibodies block factor X activation, as shown by Lollar et al. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93:2497-2504. Previous mapping studies by deletion mutagenesis described by Ware et al. (1992) Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 3:703-716, located the A2 epitope to within a 20 kDa region of the NH₂-terminal end of the 40 kDa A2 domain. Competition immunoradiometric assays have indicated that A2 inhibitors recognize either a common epitope or narrowly clustered epitopes, as described by Scandella et al. (1992) Throm. Haemostas. 67:665-671, and as demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,204.

[0057] Modified factor VIII molecules can be tested in humans for their reduced antigenicity and/or immunogenicity in clinical trials. In one type of trial, designed to determine whether the factor VIII is immunoreactive with inhibitory antibodies, factor VIII is administered, preferably by intravenous infusion, to approximately 25 patients having factor VIII deficiency who have antibodies that inhibit the coagulant activity of therapeutic human factor VIII. The dosage of the animal or modified animal factor VIII is in a range between 5 and 50 Units/kg body weight, preferably 10-50 Units/kg, and most preferably 40 Units/kg body weight. Approximately 1 hour after each administration, the recovery of factor VIII from blood samples is measured in a one-stage coagulation assay. Samples are taken again approximately 5 hours after infusion, and recovery is measured. Total recovery and the rate of disappearance of factor VIII from the samples is predictive of the antibody titer and inhibitory activity. If the antibody titer is high, factor VIII recovery usually cannot be measured. The recovery results are compared to the recovery results in patients treated with plasma-derived human factor VIII, recombinant human factor VIII, plasma-derived porcine factor VIII, and other commonly used therapeutic forms of factor VIII or factor VIII substitutes.

[0058] After identification of clinically significant epitopes, recombinant factor VIII molecules can be expressed that have less than or equal cross-reactivity compared with plasma-derived porcine factor VIII when tested in vitro against a broad survey of inhibitor plasmas. Additional mutagenesis in epitopic regions can be done to reduce cross-reactivity. Reduced cross-reactivity, although desirable, is not necessary to produce a product that may have advantages over the existing plasma-derived porcine factor VIII concentrate, which can produce side effects due to contaminant porcine proteins or contaminant infectious agents such as viruses or prions. A recombinant porcine or modified porcine factor VIII molecule will not contain foreign porcine proteins.

[0059] Diagnostic Assays

[0060] The factor VIII CDNA and/or protein expressed therefrom, in whole or in part, can be used in assays as diagnostic reagents for the detection of inhibitory antibodies to human or animal factor VIII or modified animal VIII in substrates, including, for example, samples of serum and body fluids of human patients with factor VIII deficiency. These antibody assays include assays such as ELISA assays, immunoblots, radioimmunoassays, immunodiffusion assays, and assay of factor VIII biological activity (e.g., by coagulation assay). Techniques for preparing these reagents and methods for use thereof are known to those skilled in the art. For example, an immunoassay for detection of inhibitory antibodies in a patient serum sample can include reacting the test sample with a sufficient amount of the factor VIII such that a detectable complex can be formed with the inhibitory antibodies in the sample.

[0061] Nucleic acid and amino acid probes can be prepared based on the sequence of the modified factor VIII cDNA or protein molecule or fragments thereof. In some embodiments, these can be labeled using dyes or enzymatic, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or radioactive labels that are commercially available. The amino acid probes can be used, for example, to screen sera or other body fluids where the presence of inhibitors to human, animal, or hybrid human/animal factor VIII is suspected. Levels of inhibitors can be quantitated in patients and compared to healthy controls, and can be used, for example, to determine whether a patient with a factor VIII deficiency can be treated with an animal or modified animal factor VIII. The cDNA probes can be used, for example, for research purposes in screening DNA libraries.

[0062] Preparation of Recombinant Factor VIII

[0063] Recombinant factor VIII can be produced through the use of eukaryotic protein expression systems. In general, an eukaryotic cell line, which is deficient in a required gene, is transformed with a vector comprising the gene that it has a deficiency for, and the recombinant DNA which one wishes to express. Transformation can be accomplished by techniques such as electroporation or viral delivery. The cell line chosen to produce the protein is selected to be compatible with the protein of interest, capable of continuously expressing the protein of interest, capable of growing on a medium which facilitates purification of the protein of interest, along with other factors known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such techniques are disclosed in European Patent Application 0 302 968 A2 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,637, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0064] Testing of Recombinant Factor VIII Molecules

[0065] The recombinant factor VIII molecules can be tested in humans for their reduced antigenicity and/or immunogenicity in at least two types of clinical trials. In one type of trial, designed to determine whether the recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is immunoreactive with inhibitory antibodies, recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is administered, preferably by intravenous infusion, to approximately 25 patients having factor VIII deficiency who have antibodies to factor VIII that inhibit the coagulant activity of therapeutic human or porcine factor VIII. The dosage of the recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is in a range between 5 and 50 Units/kg body weight, preferably 10-50 Units/kg, and most preferably 40 Units/kg body weight. Approximately 1 hour after each administration, the recovery of factor VIII from blood samples is measured in a one-stage coagulation assay. Samples are taken again approximately 5 hours after infusion, and recovery is measured. Total recovery and the rate of disappearance of factor VIII from the samples is predictive of the antibody titer and inhibitory activity. If the antibody titer is high, factor VIII recovery usually cannot be measured. The recovery results are compared to the recovery results in patients treated with plasma-derived human factor VIII, recombinant human factor VIII, porcine factor VIII, and other commonly used therapeutic forms of factor VIII or factor VIII substitutes.

[0066] In a second type of clinical trial, designed to determine whether the recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is immunogenic, i.e., whether patients will develop inhibitory antibodies, recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is administered, as described in the preceding paragraph, to approximately 100 previously untreated hemophiliac patients who have not developed antibodies to factor VIII. Treatments are given approximately every 2 weeks over a period of 6 months to 1 year. At 1 to 3 month intervals during this period, blood samples are drawn and Bethesda assays or other antibody assays are performed to determine the presence of inhibitory antibodies. Recovery assays can also be done, as described above, after each infusion. Results are compared to hemophiliac patients who receive plasma-derived human factor VIII, recombinant human factor VIII, porcine factor VIII, or other commonly used therapeutic forms of factor VIII or factor VIII substitutes.

[0067] Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0068] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII, alone or in combination with appropriate pharmaceutical stabilization compounds, delivery vehicles, and/or carrier vehicles, are prepared according to known methods, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin.

[0069] In one preferred embodiment, the preferred carriers or delivery vehicles for intravenous infusion are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline.

[0070] In another preferred embodiment, suitable stabilization compounds, delivery vehicles, and carrier vehicles include but are not limited to other human or animal proteins such as albumin.

[0071] Phospholipid vesicles or liposomal suspensions are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or delivery vehicles. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art and can contain, for example, phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine or other compositions of phospholipids or detergents that together impart a negative charge to the surface, since factor VIII binds to negatively charged phospholipid membranes. Liposomes may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachidoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the hybrid factor VIII is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.

[0072] Recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII can be combined with other suitable stabilization compounds, delivery vehicles, and/or carrier vehicles, including vitamin K dependent clotting factors, tissue factor, and von Willebrand factor (vWf) or a fragment of vWf that contains the factor VIII binding site, and polysaccharides such as sucrose.

[0073] Recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII can also be delivered by gene therapy in the same way that human factor VIII can be delivered, using delivery means such as retroviral vectors. This method consists of incorporation of factor VIII cDNA into human cells that are transplanted directly into a factor VIII deficient patient or that are placed in an implantable device, permeable to the factor VIII molecules but impermeable to cells, that is then transplanted. The preferred method will be retroviral-mediated gene transfer. In this method, an exogenous gene (e.g., a factor VIII cDNA) is cloned into the genome of a modified retrovirus. The gene is inserted into the genome of the host cell by viral machinery where it will be expressed by the cell. The retroviral vector is modified so that it will not produce virus, preventing viral infection of the host. The general principles for this type of therapy are known to those skilled in the art and have been reviewed in the literature [e.g., Kohn, D. B. et al. (1989) Transfusion 29:812-820].

[0074] Recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII can be stored bound to vWf to increase the half-life and shelf-life of the hybrid molecule. Additionally, lyophilization of factor VIII can improve the yields of active molecules in the presence of vWf. Current methods for storage of human and animal factor VIII used by commercial suppliers can be employed for storage of hybrid or modified factor VIII. These methods include: (1) lyophilization of factor VIII in a partially-purified state (as a factor VIII “concentrate” that is infused without further purification); (2) immunoaffinity-purification of factor VIII by the Zimmerman method and lyophilization in the presence of albumin, which stabilizes the factor VIII; (3) lyophilization of recombinant factor VIII in the presence of albumin.

[0075] Additionally, hybrid factor VIII has been indefinitely stable at 40° C. in 0.6 M NaCl, 20 mM MES, and 5 mM CaCl₂ at pH 6.0 and also can be stored frozen in these buffers and thawed with minimal loss of activity.

[0076] Methods of Treatment

[0077] Recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII is used to treat uncontrolled bleeding due to factor VIII deficiency (e.g., intraarticular, intracranial, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage) in hemophiliacs with and without inhibitory antibodies and in patients with acquired factor VIII deficiency due to the development of inhibitory antibodies. The active materials are preferably administered intravenously.

[0078] Additionally, recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII can be administered by transplant of cells genetically engineered to produce the hybrid or by implantation of a device containing such cells, as described above.

[0079] In a preferred embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII alone or in combination with stabilizers, delivery vehicles, and/or carriers are infused into patients intravenously according to the same procedure that is used for infusion of human or animal factor VIII.

[0080] The treatment dosages of recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII composition that must be administered to a patient in need of such treatment will vary depending on the severity of the factor VIII deficiency. Generally, dosage level is adjusted in frequency, duration, and units in keeping with the severity and duration of each patient's bleeding episode. Accordingly, the hybrid factor VIII is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, delivery vehicle, or stabilizer in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of the hybrid to stop bleeding, as measured by standard clotting assays.

[0081] Factor VIII is classically defined as that substance present in normal blood plasma that corrects the clotting defect in plasma derived from individuals with hemophilia A. The coagulant activity in vitro of purified and partially-purified forms of factor VIII is used to calculate the dose of factor VIII for infusions in human patients and is a reliable indicator of activity recovered from patient plasma and of correction of the in vivo bleeding defect. There are no reported discrepancies between standard assay of novel factor VIII molecules in vitro and their behavior in the dog infusion model or in human patients, according to: Lusher, J. M. et al. 328 New Engl. J Med. 328:453459; Pittman, D. D. et al. (1992) Blood 79:389-397; and Brinkhous et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:8752-8755.

[0082] Usually, the desired plasma factor VIII level to be achieved in the patient through administration of the recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII is in the range of 30-100% of normal. In a preferred mode of administration of the recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII, the composition is given intravenously at a preferred dosage in the range from about 5 to 50 units/kg body weight, more preferably in a range of 10-50 units/kg body weight, and most preferably at a dosage of 20-40 units/kg body weight; the interval frequency is in the range from about 8 to 24 hours (in severely affected hemophiliacs); and the duration of treatment in days is in the range from 1 to 10 days or until the bleeding episode is resolved. See, e.g., Roberts, H. R., and M. R. Jones, “Hemophilia and Related Conditions—Congenital Deficiencies of Prothrombin (Factor II, Factor V, and Factors VIII to XII),” Ch. 153, 1453-1474, 1460, in Hematology, Williams, W. J., et al. ed. (1990). Patients with inhibitors may require more recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII or patients may require less recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII because of its higher specific activity than human factor VIII or decreased antibody reactivity or immunogenicity. As in treatment with human or porcine factor VIII, the amount of recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII infused is defined by the one-stage factor VIII coagulation assay and, in selected instances, in vivo recovery is determined by measuring the factor VIII in the patient's plasma after infusion. It is to be understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.

[0083] Treatment can take the form of a single intravenous administration of the composition or periodic or continuous administration over an extended period of time, as required. Alternatively, recombinant or recombinant hybrid factor VIII can be administered subcutaneously or orally with liposomes in one or several doses at varying intervals of time.

[0084] Factor VIII can also be used to treat uncontrolled bleeding due to factor VIII deficiency in hemophiliacs who have developed antibodies to human factor VIII. In this case, coagulant activity that is superior to that of human or animal factor VIII alone is not necessary. Coagulant activity that is inferior to that of human factor VIII (i.e., less than 3,000 units/mg) will be useful if that activity is not neutralized by antibodies in the patient's plasma.

[0085] The recombinant or recombinant hybrid (or modified) factor VIII molecule and the methods for isolation, characterization, making, and using it generally described above will be further understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

[0086] Materials—Citrated hemophilia A plasma and normal pooled human plasma (FACT) were purchased from George King Biomedical, Inc. (Overland Park, Kans.). Heparin-Sepharose was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.(St. Louis, Mo.). Fetal bovine serum, geneticin, penicillin, streptomycin, DMEMJF12 medium and AIM-V medium were purchased from Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.). HP20, a B-domainless hybrid human/porcine fVIII molecule containing human A1, A2, ap-A3, and C1 domains and the porcine C2 domain was prepared as described previously [Healey, J. F., (1998) supra].

[0087] Plasmid DNA was purified using a Qiagen Plasmid Maxi Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, Calif.). PCR reactions were done using a Hybrid OmniGene thermocycler using Pfu DNA polymerase. PCR products were gel purified, precipitated with ethanol, and ligated into plasmid DNA using T4 DNA ligase (Rapid DNA Ligation Kit, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.). Insert-containing plasmids were used to transform E. coli Epicurean XL1-Blue cells. All novel fVIII DNA sequences generated by PCR were confirmed by dideoxy sequencing using an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) 373a automated DNA sequencer and the PRISM dye terminator kit.

EXAMPLE 1 Construction of fVIII Mutant cDNAs

[0088] Transfected dell lines were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-F12 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 μg/ml streptomycin. Fetal bovine serum was heat inactivated for one hour at 56° C. before use. Mutant cDNAs in ReNeo were stably transfected into BHK cells, selected for geneticin resistance, switched to serum-free, AIM-V medium for expression, and partially purified by heparin-Sepharose chromatography as described previously [Healey, J. F. et al (1998) supra].

EXAMPLE 2 FVIII and fVIII Inhibitor Assays

[0089] The activity of recombinant fVIII proteins was measured by one-stage clotting assay [Bowie, E. J. W. and Owen, Calif. (1984) In Disorders of Hemostasis, O. D. Ratnoff and C. D. Forbes, editors. Grune & Stratton, Inc., Orlando, Fla. 43-72]. One unit of fVIII is defined as the activity in one ml of normal citrated human plasma. FVIII inhibitor titers were measured by a modification of the Bethesda assay [Kasper, C. K. et al. (1975) Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 34:869-872] as follows. Recombinant fVIII was added to hemophilia A plasma to a final concentration of 0.8-1.2 units per ml and incubated with varying concentrations of inhibitor for 2 hours at 37° C. To determine the 50% inhibition point that defines the Bethesda unit, dilutions of inhibitor were made that produced residual activities that spanned at least the 35% to 65% range. In some cases, replicate dilutions were made, in which case the average was used. An average of 10 dilutions was made for the determination of each Bethesda titer. The data were fitted by nonlinear regression using the Marquardt algorithm (SigmaPlot 5.0, SPSS, Inc.) to the equation

% Residual activity =m (log x−log x ₅₀)+50

[0090] where the fitted parameter x₅₀ is the reciprocal dilution that produces 50% inhibition, the fitted parameter m is the slope of the semi-log line and the independent variable x is the reciprocal dilution of the inhibitor sample.

[0091] The Bethesda titer equals x₅₀ ⁻¹. The estimate of the standard error (SD) of the Bethesda titer was calculated by multiplying the Bethesda titer by the coefficient of variation of x₅₀. The Bethesda titers of fVIII molecules were compared by Student's t test. The mass concentration of fVIII in partially purified preparations was determined by a sandwich ELISA using ESH4 as capture antibody and biotinylated ESH8 as detection antibody as described previously [Lubin, I. M. et al. (1994) 269:8639-8641]. Samples were assayed in quadruplicate.

Example 3 Bethesda Titers of C2-Specific Plasmas against C2 Mutants

[0092] fVIII inhibitor plasmas designated DR, EE, EEE, JF, LK, NF, JM, and WC were tested against C2 mutants Y2195H, Y2195A, F2196L, F2196A, R2215K, R2215A, R2220K, R2220A, F2290S, F2290A, W2313F, and R2320A and were compared to HSQ, see table 1. Reduction in antigenicity was seen in the DR and JF plasmas, but not the other six plasmas. DR recognizes R2215, R2220 and F2196 strongly, whereas JF recognizes R2215 strongly. TABLE 1 Bethesda titers of patient C2-specific plasmas against human B- domainless fVIII C2 mutants (% of HSQ titer) DR EE EEE JF LK NF JM WC HSQ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 R2215A 8 140 62 7 70 81 91 68 R2215K 91 152 68 102 68 95 85 112 R2220A 4 119 58 41 85 129 123 121 R2220K 4 130 54 107 79 75 113 78 W2313F 41 138 99 133 50 80 93 89 R2320A 87 117 80 90 89 185 139 118 G2290S 74 130 129 70 118 162 123 159 F2290A 64 131 103 73 57 97 99 119 Y2195H 69 93 60 63 65 71 86 105 Y2195A 37 131 116 112 74 113 125 92 F2169L 14 74 99 72 89 155 89 99 F2196A 8 143 84 172 68 99 122 69

[0093]

1 7 1 9009 DNA Homo sapiens 1 cagtgggtaa gttccttaaa tgctctgcaa agaaattggg acttttcatt aaatcagaaa 60 ttttactttt ttcccctcct gggagctaaa gatattttag agaagaatta accttttgct 120 tctccagttg aacatttgta gcaataagtc atgcaaatag agctctccac ctgcttcttt 180 ctgtgccttt tgcgattctg ctttagtgcc accagaagat actacctggg tgcagtggaa 240 ctgtcatggg actatatgca aagtgatctc ggtgagctgc ctgtggacgc aagatttcct 300 cctagagtgc caaaatcttt tccattcaac acctcagtcg tgtacaaaaa gactctgttt 360 gtagaattca cggttcacct tttcaacatc gctaagccaa ggccaccctg gatgggtctg 420 ctaggtccta ccatccaggc tgaggtttat gatacagtgg tcattacact taagaacatg 480 gcttcccatc ctgtcagtct tcatgctgtt ggtgtatcct actggaaagc ttctgaggga 540 gctgaatatg atgatcagac cagtcaaagg gagaaagaag atgataaagt cttccctggt 600 ggaagccata catatgtctg gcaggtcctg aaagagaatg gtccaatggc ctctgaccca 660 ctgtgcctta cctactcata tctttctcat gtggacctgg taaaagactt gaattcaggc 720 ctcattggag ccctactagt atgtagagaa gggagtctgg ccaaggaaaa gacacagacc 780 ttgcacaaat ttatactact ttttgctgta tttgatgaag ggaaaagttg gcactcagaa 840 acaaagaact ccttgatgca ggatagggat gctgcatctg ctcgggcctg gcctaaaatg 900 cacacagtca atggttatgt aaacaggtct ctgccaggtc tgattggatg ccacaggaaa 960 tcagtctatt ggcatgtgat tggaatgggc accactcctg aagtgcactc aatattcctc 1020 gaaggtcaca catttcttgt gaggaaccat cgccaggcgt ccttggaaat ctcgccaata 1080 actttcctta ctgctcaaac actcttgatg gaccttggac agtttctact gttttgtcat 1140 atctcttccc accaacatga tggcatggaa gcttatgtca aagtagacag ctgtccagag 1200 gaaccccaac tacgaatgaa aaataatgaa gaagcggaag actatgatga tgatcttact 1260 gattctgaaa tggatgtggt caggtttgat gatgacaact ctccttcctt tatccaaatt 1320 cgctcagttg ccaagaagca tcctaaaact tgggtacatt acattgctgc tgaagaggag 1380 gactgggact atgctccctt agtcctcgcc cccgatgaca gaagttataa aagtcaatat 1440 ttgaacaatg gccctcagcg gattggtagg aagtacaaaa aagtccgatt tatggcatac 1500 acagatgaaa cctttaagac tcgtgaagct attcagcatg aatcaggaat cttgggacct 1560 ttactttatg gggaagttgg agacacactg ttgattatat ttaagaatca agcaagcaga 1620 ccatataaca tctaccctca cggaatcact gatgtccgtc ctttgtattc aaggagatta 1680 ccaaaaggtg taaaacattt gaaggatttt ccaattctgc caggagaaat attcaaatat 1740 aaatggacag tgactgtaga agatgggcca actaaatcag atcctcggtg cctgacccgc 1800 tattactcta gtttcgttaa tatggagaga gatctagctt caggactcat tggccctctc 1860 ctcatctgct acaaagaatc tgtagatcaa agaggaaacc agataatgtc agacaagagg 1920 aatgtcatcc tgttttctgt atttgatgag aaccgaagct ggtacctcac agagaatata 1980 caacgctttc tccccaatcc agctggagtg cagcttgagg atccagagtt ccaagcctcc 2040 aacatcatgc acagcatcaa tggctatgtt tttgatagtt tgcagttgtc agtttgtttg 2100 catgaggtgg catactggta cattctaagc attggagcac agactgactt cctttctgtc 2160 ttcttctctg gatatacctt caaacacaaa atggtctatg aagacacact caccctattc 2220 ccattctcag gagaaactgt cttcatgtcg atggaaaacc caggtctatg gattctgggg 2280 tgccacaact cagactttcg gaacagaggc atgaccgcct tactgaaggt ttctagttgt 2340 gacaagaaca ctggtgatta ttacgaggac agttatgaag atatttcagc atacttgctg 2400 agtaaaaaca atgccattga accaagaagc ttctcccaga attcaagaca ccctagcact 2460 aggcaaaagc aatttaatgc caccacaatt ccagaaaatg acatagagaa gactgaccct 2520 tggtttgcac acagaacacc tatgcctaaa atacaaaatg tctcctctag tgatttgttg 2580 atgctcttgc gacagagtcc tactccacat gggctatcct tatctgatct ccaagaagcc 2640 aaatatgaga ctttttctga tgatccatca cctggagcaa tagacagtaa taacagcctg 2700 tctgaaatga cacacttcag gccacagctc catcacagtg gggacatggt atttacccct 2760 gagtcaggcc tccaattaag attaaatgag aaactgggga caactgcagc aacagagttg 2820 aagaaacttg atttcaaagt ttctagtaca tcaaataatc tgatttcaac aattccatca 2880 gacaatttgg cagcaggtac tgataataca agttccttag gacccccaag tatgccagtt 2940 cattatgata gtcaattaga taccactcta tttggcaaaa agtcatctcc ccttactgag 3000 tctggtggac ctctgagctt gagtgaagaa aataatgatt caaagttgtt agaatcaggt 3060 ttaatgaata gccaagaaag ttcatgggga aaaaatgtat cgtcaacaga gagtggtagg 3120 ttatttaaag ggaaaagagc tcatggacct gctttgttga ctaaagataa tgccttattc 3180 aaagttagca tctctttgtt aaagacaaac aaaacttcca ataattcagc aactaataga 3240 aagactcaca ttgatggccc atcattatta attgagaata gtccatcagt ctggcaaaat 3300 atattagaaa gtgacactga gtttaaaaaa gtgacacctt tgattcatga cagaatgctt 3360 atggacaaaa atgctacagc tttgaggcta aatcatatgt caaataaaac tacttcatca 3420 aaaaacatgg aaatggtcca acagaaaaaa gagggcccca ttccaccaga tgcacaaaat 3480 ccagatatgt cgttctttaa gatgctattc ttgccagaat cagcaaggtg gatacaaagg 3540 actcatggaa agaactctct gaactctggg caaggcccca gtccaaagca attagtatcc 3600 ttaggaccag aaaaatctgt ggaaggtcag aatttcttgt ctgagaaaaa caaagtggta 3660 gtaggaaagg gtgaatttac aaaggacgta ggactcaaag agatggtttt tccaagcagc 3720 agaaacctat ttcttactaa cttggataat ttacatgaaa ataatacaca caatcaagaa 3780 aaaaaaattc aggaagaaat agaaaagaag gaaacattaa tccaagagaa tgtagttttg 3840 cctcagatac atacagtgac tggcactaag aatttcatga agaacctttt cttactgagc 3900 actaggcaaa atgtagaagg ttcatatgag ggggcatatg ctccagtact tcaagatttt 3960 aggtcattaa atgattcaac aaatagaaca aagaaacaca cagctcattt ctcaaaaaaa 4020 ggggaggaag aaaacttgga aggcttggga aatcaaacca agcaaattgt agagaaatat 4080 gcatgcacca caaggatatc tcctaataca agccagcaga attttgtcac gcaacgtagt 4140 aagagagctt tgaaacaatt cagactccca ctagaagaaa cagaacttga aaaaaggata 4200 attgtggatg acacctcaac ccagtggtcc aaaaacatga aacatttgac cccgagcacc 4260 ctcacacaga tagactacaa tgagaaggag aaaggggcca ttactcagtc tcccttatca 4320 gattgcctta cgaggagtca tagcatccct caagcaaata gatctccatt acccattgca 4380 aaggtatcat catttccatc tattagacct atatatctga ccagggtcct attccaagac 4440 aactcttctc atcttccagc agcatcttat agaaagaaag attctggggt ccaagaaagc 4500 agtcatttct tacaaggagc caaaaaaaat aacctttctt tagccattct aaccttggag 4560 atgactggtg atcaaagaga ggttggctcc ctggggacaa gtgccacaaa ttcagtcaca 4620 tacaagaaag ttgagaacac tgttctcccg aaaccagact tgcccaaaac atctggcaaa 4680 gttgaattgc ttccaaaagt tcacatttat cagaaggacc tattccctac ggaaactagc 4740 aatgggtctc ctggccatct ggatctcgtg gaagggagcc ttcttcaggg aacagaggga 4800 gcgattaagt ggaatgaagc aaacagacct ggaaaagttc cctttctgag agtagcaaca 4860 gaaagctctg caaagactcc ctccaagcta ttggatcctc ttgcttggga taaccactat 4920 ggtactcaga taccaaaaga agagtggaaa tcccaagaga agtcaccaga aaaaacagct 4980 tttaagaaaa aggataccat tttgtccctg aacgcttgtg aaagcaatca tgcaatagca 5040 gcaataaatg agggacaaaa taagcccgaa atagaagtca cctgggcaaa gcaaggtagg 5100 actgaaaggc tgtgctctca aaacccacca gtcttgaaac gccatcaacg ggaaataact 5160 cgtactactc ttcagtcaga tcaagaggaa attgactatg atgataccat atcagttgaa 5220 atgaagaagg aagattttga catttatgat gaggatgaaa atcagagccc ccgcagcttt 5280 caaaagaaaa cacgacacta ttttattgct gcagtggaga ggctctggga ttatgggatg 5340 agtagctccc cacatgttct aagaaacagg gctcagagtg gcagtgtccc tcagttcaag 5400 aaagttgttt tccaggaatt tactgatggc tcctttactc agcccttata ccgtggagaa 5460 ctaaatgaac atttgggact cctggggcca tatataagag cagaagttga agataatatc 5520 atggtaactt tcagaaatca ggcctctcgt ccctattcct tctattctag ccttatttct 5580 tatgaggaag atcagaggca aggagcagaa cctagaaaaa actttgtcaa gcctaatgaa 5640 accaaaactt acttttggaa agtgcaacat catatggcac ccactaaaga tgagtttgac 5700 tgcaaagcct gggcttattt ctctgatgtt gacctggaaa aagatgtgca ctcaggcctg 5760 attggacccc ttctggtctg ccacactaac acactgaacc ctgctcatgg gagacaagtg 5820 acagtacagg aatttgctct gtttttcacc atctttgatg agaccaaaag ctggtacttc 5880 actgaaaata tggaaagaaa ctgcagggct ccctgcaata tccagatgga agatcccact 5940 tttaaagaga attatcgctt ccatgcaatc aatggctaca taatggatac actacctggc 6000 ttagtaatgg ctcaggatca aaggattcga tggtatctgc tcagcatggg cagcaatgaa 6060 aacatccatt ctattcattt cagtggacat gtgttcactg tacgaaaaaa agaggagtat 6120 aaaatggcac tgtacaatct ctatccaggt gtttttgaga cagtggaaat gttaccatcc 6180 aaagctggaa tttggcgggt ggaatgcctt attggcgagc atctacatgc tgggatgagc 6240 acactttttc tggtgtacag caataagtgt cagactcccc tgggaatggc ttctggacac 6300 attagagatt ttcagattac agcttcagga caatatggac agtgggcccc aaagctggcc 6360 agacttcatt attccggatc aatcaatgcc tggagcacca aggagccctt ttcttggatc 6420 aaggtggatc tgttggcacc aatgattatt cacggcatca agacccaggg tgcccgtcag 6480 aagttctcca gcctctacat ctctcagttt atcatcatgt atagtcttga tgggaagaag 6540 tggcagactt atcgaggaaa ttccactgga accttaatgg tcttctttgg caatgtggat 6600 tcatctggga taaaacacaa tatttttaac cctccaatta ttgctcgata catccgtttg 6660 cacccaactc attatagcat tcgcagcact cttcgcatgg agttgatggg ctgtgattta 6720 aatagttgca gcatgccatt gggaatggag agtaaagcaa tatcagatgc acagattact 6780 gcttcatcct actttaccaa tatgtttgcc acctggtctc cttcaaaagc tcgacttcac 6840 ctccaaggga ggagtaatgc ctggagacct caggtgaata atccaaaaga gtggctgcaa 6900 gtggacttcc agaagacaat gaaagtcaca ggagtaacta ctcagggagt aaaatctctg 6960 cttaccagca tgtatgtgaa ggagttcctc atctccagca gtcaagatgg ccatcagtgg 7020 actctctttt ttcagaatgg caaagtaaag gtttttcagg gaaatcaaga ctccttcaca 7080 cctgtggtga actctctaga cccaccgtta ctgactcgct accttcgaat tcacccccag 7140 agttgggtgc accagattgc cctgaggatg gaggttctgg gctgcgaggc acaggacctc 7200 tactgagggt ggccactgca gcacctgcca ctgccgtcac ctctccctcc tcagctccag 7260 ggcagtgtcc ctccctggct tgccttctac ctttgtgcta aatcctagca gacactgcct 7320 tgaagcctcc tgaattaact atcatcagtc ctgcatttct ttggtggggg gccaggaggg 7380 tgcatccaat ttaacttaac tcttacctat tttctgcagc tgctcccaga ttactccttc 7440 cttccaatat aactaggcaa aaagaagtga ggagaaacct gcatgaaagc attcttccct 7500 gaaaagttag gcctctcaga gtcaccactt cctctgttgt agaaaaacta tgtgatgaaa 7560 ctttgaaaaa gatatttatg atgttaacat ttcaggttaa gcctcatacg tttaaaataa 7620 aactctcagt tgtttattat cctgatcaag catggaacaa agcatgtttc aggatcagat 7680 caatacaatc ttggagtcaa aaggcaaatc atttggacaa tctgcaaaat ggagagaata 7740 caataactac tacagtaaag tctgtttctg cttccttaca catagatata attatgttat 7800 ttagtcatta tgaggggcac attcttatct ccaaaactag cattcttaaa ctgagaatta 7860 tagatggggt tcaagaatcc ctaagtcccc tgaaattata taaggcattc tgtataaatg 7920 caaatgtgca tttttctgac gagtgtccat agatataaag ccattggtct taattctgac 7980 caataaaaaa ataagtcagg aggatgcaat tgttgaaagc tttgaaataa aataacatgt 8040 cttcttgaaa tttgtgatgg ccaagaaaga aaatgatgat gacattaggc ttctaaagga 8100 catacattta atatttctgt ggaaatatga ggaaaatcca tggttatctg agataggaga 8160 tacaaacttt gtaattctaa taatgcactc agtttactct ctccctctac taatttcctg 8220 ctgaaaataa cacaacaaaa atgtaacagg ggaaattata taccgtgact gaaaactaga 8280 gtcctactta catagttgaa atatcaagga ggtcagaaga aaattggact ggtgaaaaca 8340 gaaaaaacac tccagtctgc catatcacca cacaatagga tcccccttct tgccctccac 8400 ccccataaga ttgtgaaggg tttactgctc cttccatctg cctgcacccc ttcactatga 8460 ctacacagaa ctctcctgat agtaaagggg gctggaggca aggataagtt atagagcagt 8520 tggaggaagc atccaaagac tgcaacccag ggcaaatgga aaacaggaga tcctaatatg 8580 aaagaaaaat ggatcccaat ctgagaaaag gcaaaagaat ggctactttt ttctatgctg 8640 gagtattttc taataatcct gcttgaccct tatctgacct ctttggaaac tataacatag 8700 ctgtcacagt atagtcacaa tccacaaatg atgcaggtgc aaatggttta tagccctgtg 8760 aagttcttaa agtttagagg ctaacttaca gaaatgaata agttgttttg ttttatagcc 8820 cggtagagga gttaacccca aaggtgatat ggttttattt cctgttatgt ttaacttgat 8880 aatcttattt tggcattctt ttcccattga ctatatacat ctctatttct caaatgttca 8940 tggaactagc tcttttattt tcctgctggt ttcttcagta atgagttaaa taaaacattg 9000 acacataca 9009 2 2332 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Ala Thr Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser Trp Asp Tyr 1 5 10 15 Met Gln Ser Asp Leu Gly Glu Leu Pro Val Asp Ala Arg Phe Pro Pro 20 25 30 Arg Val Pro Lys Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Val Val Tyr Lys Lys 35 40 45 Thr Leu Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Val His Leu Phe Asn Ile Ala Lys Pro 50 55 60 Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile Gln Ala Glu Val 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala Ser His Pro Val 85 90 95 Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Ser Glu Gly Ala 100 105 110 Glu Tyr Asp Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu Asp Asp Lys Val 115 120 125 Phe Pro Gly Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val Leu Lys Glu Asn 130 135 140 Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Leu Cys Leu Thr Tyr Ser Tyr Leu Ser 145 150 155 160 His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Ala Leu 165 170 175 Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Glu Lys Thr Gln Thr Leu 180 185 190 His Lys Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu Gly Lys Ser Trp 195 200 205 His Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Ser Leu Met Gln Asp Arg Asp Ala Ala Ser 210 215 220 Ala Arg Ala Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly Tyr Val Asn Arg 225 230 235 240 Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser Val Tyr Trp His 245 250 255 Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Val His Ser Ile Phe Leu Glu 260 265 270 Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala Ser Leu Glu Ile 275 280 285 Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Gly 290 295 300 Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Gln His Asp Gly Met 305 310 315 320 Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu Pro Gln Leu Arg 325 330 335 Met Lys Asn Asn Glu Glu Ala Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asp Leu Thr Asp 340 345 350 Ser Glu Met Asp Val Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Phe 355 360 365 Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr Trp Val His 370 375 380 Tyr Ile Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro Leu Val Leu 385 390 395 400 Ala Pro Asp Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Asn Asn Gly Pro 405 410 415 Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Met Ala Tyr Thr 420 425 430 Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln His Glu Ser Gly Ile 435 440 445 Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu Leu Ile Ile 450 455 460 Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro His Gly Ile 465 470 475 480 Thr Asp Val Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ser Arg Arg Leu Pro Lys Gly Val Lys 485 490 495 His Leu Lys Asp Phe Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe Lys Tyr Lys 500 505 510 Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp Pro Arg Cys 515 520 525 Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Val Asn Met Glu Arg Asp Leu Ala 530 535 540 Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu Ser Val Asp 545 550 555 560 Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Ile Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val Ile Leu Phe 565 570 575 Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Arg Ser Trp Tyr Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln 580 585 590 Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Ala Gly Val Gln Leu Glu Asp Pro Glu Phe 595 600 605 Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Phe Asp Ser 610 615 620 Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp Tyr Ile Leu 625 630 635 640 Ser Ile Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe Ser Gly Tyr 645 650 655 Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr Leu Phe Pro 660 665 670 Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro Gly Leu Trp 675 680 685 Ile Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Asn Arg Gly Met Thr Ala 690 695 700 Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Asn Thr Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Glu 705 710 715 720 Asp Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ser Ala Tyr Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Asn Ala 725 730 735 Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ser Gln Asn Ser Arg His Pro Ser Thr Arg 740 745 750 Gln Lys Gln Phe Asn Ala Thr Thr Ile Pro Glu Asn Asp Ile Glu Lys 755 760 765 Thr Asp Pro Trp Phe Ala His Arg Thr Pro Met Pro Lys Ile Gln Asn 770 775 780 Val Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Met Leu Leu Arg Gln Ser Pro Thr Pro 785 790 795 800 His Gly Leu Ser Leu Ser Asp Leu Gln Glu Ala Lys Tyr Glu Thr Phe 805 810 815 Ser Asp Asp Pro Ser Pro Gly Ala Ile Asp Ser Asn Asn Ser Leu Ser 820 825 830 Glu Met Thr His Phe Arg Pro Gln Leu His His Ser Gly Asp Met Val 835 840 845 Phe Thr Pro Glu Ser Gly Leu Gln Leu Arg Leu Asn Glu Lys Leu Gly 850 855 860 Thr Thr Ala Ala Thr Glu Leu Lys Lys Leu Asp Phe Lys Val Ser Ser 865 870 875 880 Thr Ser Asn Asn Leu Ile Ser Thr Ile Pro Ser Asp Asn Leu Ala Ala 885 890 895 Gly Thr Asp Asn Thr Ser Ser Leu Gly Pro Pro Ser Met Pro Val His 900 905 910 Tyr Asp Ser Gln Leu Asp Thr Thr Leu Phe Gly Lys Lys Ser Ser Pro 915 920 925 Leu Thr Glu Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Ser Leu Ser Glu Glu Asn Asn Asp 930 935 940 Ser Lys Leu Leu Glu Ser Gly Leu Met Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser Ser Trp 945 950 955 960 Gly Lys Asn Val Ser Ser Thr Glu Ser Gly Arg Leu Phe Lys Gly Lys 965 970 975 Arg Ala His Gly Pro Ala Leu Leu Thr Lys Asp Asn Ala Leu Phe Lys 980 985 990 Val Ser Ile Ser Leu Leu Lys Thr Asn Lys Thr Ser Asn Asn Ser Ala 995 1000 1005 Thr Asn Arg Lys Thr His Ile Asp Gly Pro Ser Leu Leu Ile Glu Asn 1010 1015 1020 Ser Pro Ser Val Trp Gln Asn Ile Leu Glu Ser Asp Thr Glu Phe Lys 1025 1030 1035 1040 Lys Val Thr Pro Leu Ile His Asp Arg Met Leu Met Asp Lys Asn Ala 1045 1050 1055 Thr Ala Leu Arg Leu Asn His Met Ser Asn Lys Thr Thr Ser Ser Lys 1060 1065 1070 Asn Met Glu Met Val Gln Gln Lys Lys Glu Gly Pro Ile Pro Pro Asp 1075 1080 1085 Ala Gln Asn Pro Asp Met Ser Phe Phe Lys Met Leu Phe Leu Pro Glu 1090 1095 1100 Ser Ala Arg Trp Ile Gln Arg Thr His Gly Lys Asn Ser Leu Asn Ser 1105 1110 1115 1120 Gly Gln Gly Pro Ser Pro Lys Gln Leu Val Ser Leu Gly Pro Glu Lys 1125 1130 1135 Ser Val Glu Gly Gln Asn Phe Leu Ser Glu Lys Asn Lys Val Val Val 1140 1145 1150 Gly Lys Gly Glu Phe Thr Lys Asp Val Gly Leu Lys Glu Met Val Phe 1155 1160 1165 Pro Ser Ser Arg Asn Leu Phe Leu Thr Asn Leu Asp Asn Leu His Glu 1170 1175 1180 Asn Asn Thr His Asn Gln Glu Lys Lys Ile Gln Glu Glu Ile Glu Lys 1185 1190 1195 1200 Lys Glu Thr Leu Ile Gln Glu Asn Val Val Leu Pro Gln Ile His Thr 1205 1210 1215 Val Thr Gly Thr Lys Asn Phe Met Lys Asn Leu Phe Leu Leu Ser Thr 1220 1225 1230 Arg Gln Asn Val Glu Gly Ser Tyr Glu Gly Ala Tyr Ala Pro Val Leu 1235 1240 1245 Gln Asp Phe Arg Ser Leu Asn Asp Ser Thr Asn Arg Thr Lys Lys His 1250 1255 1260 Thr Ala His Phe Ser Lys Lys Gly Glu Glu Glu Asn Leu Glu Gly Leu 1265 1270 1275 1280 Gly Asn Gln Thr Lys Gln Ile Val Glu Lys Tyr Ala Cys Thr Thr Arg 1285 1290 1295 Ile Ser Pro Asn Thr Ser Gln Gln Asn Phe Val Thr Gln Arg Ser Lys 1300 1305 1310 Arg Ala Leu Lys Gln Phe Arg Leu Pro Leu Glu Glu Thr Glu Leu Glu 1315 1320 1325 Lys Arg Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Thr Ser Thr Gln Trp Ser Lys Asn Met 1330 1335 1340 Lys His Leu Thr Pro Ser Thr Leu Thr Gln Ile Asp Tyr Asn Glu Lys 1345 1350 1355 1360 Glu Lys Gly Ala Ile Thr Gln Ser Pro Leu Ser Asp Cys Leu Thr Arg 1365 1370 1375 Ser His Ser Ile Pro Gln Ala Asn Arg Ser Pro Leu Pro Ile Ala Lys 1380 1385 1390 Val Ser Ser Phe Pro Ser Ile Arg Pro Ile Tyr Leu Thr Arg Val Leu 1395 1400 1405 Phe Gln Asp Asn Ser Ser His Leu Pro Ala Ala Ser Tyr Arg Lys Lys 1410 1415 1420 Asp Ser Gly Val Gln Glu Ser Ser His Phe Leu Gln Gly Ala Lys Lys 1425 1430 1435 1440 Asn Asn Leu Ser Leu Ala Ile Leu Thr Leu Glu Met Thr Gly Asp Gln 1445 1450 1455 Arg Glu Val Gly Ser Leu Gly Thr Ser Ala Thr Asn Ser Val Thr Tyr 1460 1465 1470 Lys Lys Val Glu Asn Thr Val Leu Pro Lys Pro Asp Leu Pro Lys Thr 1475 1480 1485 Ser Gly Lys Val Glu Leu Leu Pro Lys Val His Ile Tyr Gln Lys Asp 1490 1495 1500 Leu Phe Pro Thr Glu Thr Ser Asn Gly Ser Pro Gly His Leu Asp Leu 1505 1510 1515 1520 Val Glu Gly Ser Leu Leu Gln Gly Thr Glu Gly Ala Ile Lys Trp Asn 1525 1530 1535 Glu Ala Asn Arg Pro Gly Lys Val Pro Phe Leu Arg Val Ala Thr Glu 1540 1545 1550 Ser Ser Ala Lys Thr Pro Ser Lys Leu Leu Asp Pro Leu Ala Trp Asp 1555 1560 1565 Asn His Tyr Gly Thr Gln Ile Pro Lys Glu Glu Trp Lys Ser Gln Glu 1570 1575 1580 Lys Ser Pro Glu Lys Thr Ala Phe Lys Lys Lys Asp Thr Ile Leu Ser 1585 1590 1595 1600 Leu Asn Ala Cys Glu Ser Asn His Ala Ile Ala Ala Ile Asn Glu Gly 1605 1610 1615 Gln Asn Lys Pro Glu Ile Glu Val Thr Trp Ala Lys Gln Gly Arg Thr 1620 1625 1630 Glu Arg Leu Cys Ser Gln Asn Pro Pro Val Leu Lys Arg His Gln Arg 1635 1640 1645 Glu Ile Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu Gln Ser Asp Gln Glu Glu Ile Asp Tyr 1650 1655 1660 Asp Asp Thr Ile Ser Val Glu Met Lys Lys Glu Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr 1665 1670 1675 1680 Asp Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Lys Thr Arg 1685 1690 1695 His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser 1700 1705 1710 Ser Ser Pro His Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Ala Gln Ser Gly Ser Val Pro 1715 1720 1725 Gln Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr 1730 1735 1740 Gln Pro Leu Tyr Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly 1745 1750 1755 1760 Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr Phe Arg 1765 1770 1775 Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr 1780 1785 1790 Glu Glu Asp Gln Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Pro Arg Lys Asn Phe Val Lys 1795 1800 1805 Pro Asn Glu Thr Lys Thr Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His Met Ala 1810 1815 1820 Pro Thr Lys Asp Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp 1825 1830 1835 1840 Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu 1845 1850 1855 Val Cys His Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His Gly Arg Gln Val Thr 1860 1865 1870 Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser 1875 1880 1885 Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Met Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro Cys Asn 1890 1895 1900 Ile Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr Phe Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe His Ala 1905 1910 1915 1920 Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ile Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met Ala Gln 1925 1930 1935 Asp Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn 1940 1945 1950 Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe Thr Val Arg Lys Lys 1955 1960 1965 Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Leu Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val Phe Glu 1970 1975 1980 Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser Lys Ala Gly Ile Trp Arg Val Glu Cys 1985 1990 1995 2000 Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu His Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Leu Phe Leu Val 2005 2010 2015 Tyr Ser Asn Lys Cys Gln Thr Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly His Ile 2020 2025 2030 Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro 2035 2040 2045 Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr 2050 2055 2060 Lys Glu Pro Phe Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro Met Ile 2065 2070 2075 2080 Ile His Gly Ile Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu 2085 2090 2095 Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Trp 2100 2105 2110 Gln Thr Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe Phe Gly 2115 2120 2125 Asn Val Asp Ser Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile 2130 2135 2140 Ile Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser 2145 2150 2155 2160 Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Met 2165 2170 2175 Pro Leu Gly Met Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Ser Asp Ala Gln Ile Thr Ala 2180 2185 2190 Ser Ser Tyr Phe Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Lys Ala 2195 2200 2205 Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg Ser Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Gln Val Asn 2210 2215 2220 Asn Pro Lys Glu Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Phe Gln Lys Thr Met Lys Val 2225 2230 2235 2240 Thr Gly Val Thr Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Thr Ser Met Tyr 2245 2250 2255 Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly His Gln Trp Thr 2260 2265 2270 Leu Phe Phe Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp 2275 2280 2285 Ser Phe Thr Pro Val Val Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Leu Thr Arg 2290 2295 2300 Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Gln Ser Trp Val His Gln Ile Ala Leu Arg 2305 2310 2315 2320 Met Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr 2325 2330 3 6402 DNA Porcine CDS (1)..(6399) 3 atg cag cta gag ctc tcc acc tgt gtc ttt ctg tgt ctc ttg cca ctc 48 Met Gln Leu Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Val Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Pro Leu 1 5 10 15 ggc ttt agt gcc atc agg aga tac tac ctg ggc gca gtg gaa ctg tcc 96 Gly Phe Ser Ala Ile Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser 20 25 30 tgg gac tac cgg caa agt gaa ctc ctc cgt gag ctg cac gtg gac acc 144 Trp Asp Tyr Arg Gln Ser Glu Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu His Val Asp Thr 35 40 45 aga ttt cct gct aca gcg cca gga gct ctt ccg ttg ggc ccg tca gtc 192 Arg Phe Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Gly Ala Leu Pro Leu Gly Pro Ser Val 50 55 60 ctg tac aaa aag act gtg ttc gta gag ttc acg gat caa ctt ttc agc 240 Leu Tyr Lys Lys Thr Val Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Asp Gln Leu Phe Ser 65 70 75 80 gtt gcc agg ccc agg cca cca tgg atg ggt ctg ctg ggt cct acc atc 288 Val Ala Arg Pro Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile 85 90 95 cag gct gag gtt tac gac acg gtg gtc gtt acc ctg aag aac atg gct 336 Gln Ala Glu Val Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Val Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala 100 105 110 tct cat ccc gtt agt ctt cac gct gtc ggc gtc tcc ttc tgg aaa tct 384 Ser His Pro Val Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Phe Trp Lys Ser 115 120 125 tcc gaa ggc gct gaa tat gag gat cac acc agc caa agg gag aag gaa 432 Ser Glu Gly Ala Glu Tyr Glu Asp His Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu 130 135 140 gac gat aaa gtc ctt ccc ggt aaa agc caa acc tac gtc tgg cag gtc 480 Asp Asp Lys Val Leu Pro Gly Lys Ser Gln Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val 145 150 155 160 ctg aaa gaa aat ggt cca aca gcc tct gac cca cca tgt ctc acc tac 528 Leu Lys Glu Asn Gly Pro Thr Ala Ser Asp Pro Pro Cys Leu Thr Tyr 165 170 175 tca tac ctg tct cac gtg gac ctg gtg aaa gac ctg aat tcg ggc ctc 576 Ser Tyr Leu Ser His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu 180 185 190 att gga gcc ctg ctg gtt tgt aga gaa ggg agt ctg acc aga gaa agg 624 Ile Gly Ala Leu Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Thr Arg Glu Arg 195 200 205 acc cag aac ctg cac gaa ttt gta cta ctt ttt gct gtc ttt gat gaa 672 Thr Gln Asn Leu His Glu Phe Val Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu 210 215 220 ggg aaa agt tgg cac tca gca aga aat gac tcc tgg aca cgg gcc atg 720 Gly Lys Ser Trp His Ser Ala Arg Asn Asp Ser Trp Thr Arg Ala Met 225 230 235 240 gat ccc gca cct gcc agg gcc cag cct gca atg cac aca gtc aat ggc 768 Asp Pro Ala Pro Ala Arg Ala Gln Pro Ala Met His Thr Val Asn Gly 245 250 255 tat gtc aac agg tct ctg cca ggt ctg atc gga tgt cat aag aaa tca 816 Tyr Val Asn Arg Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Lys Lys Ser 260 265 270 gtc tac tgg cac gtg att gga atg ggc acc agc ccg gaa gtg cac tcc 864 Val Tyr Trp His Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Ser Pro Glu Val His Ser 275 280 285 att ttt ctt gaa ggc cac acg ttt ctc gtg agg cac cat cgc cag gct 912 Ile Phe Leu Glu Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg His His Arg Gln Ala 290 295 300 tcc ttg gag atc tcg cca cta act ttc ctc act gct cag aca ttc ctg 960 Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Leu Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Phe Leu 305 310 315 320 atg gac ctt ggc cag ttc cta ctg ttt tgt cat atc tct tcc cac cac 1008 Met Asp Leu Gly Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His His 325 330 335 cat ggt ggc atg gag gct cac gtc aga gta gaa agc tgc gcc gag gag 1056 His Gly Gly Met Glu Ala His Val Arg Val Glu Ser Cys Ala Glu Glu 340 345 350 ccc cag ctg cgg agg aaa gct gat gaa gag gaa gat tat gat gac aat 1104 Pro Gln Leu Arg Arg Lys Ala Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asn 355 360 365 ttg tac gac tcg gac atg gac gtg gtc cgg ctc gat ggt gac gac gtg 1152 Leu Tyr Asp Ser Asp Met Asp Val Val Arg Leu Asp Gly Asp Asp Val 370 375 380 tct ccc ttt atc caa atc cgc tcg gtt gcc aag aag cat ccc aaa acc 1200 Ser Pro Phe Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr 385 390 395 400 tgg gtg cac tac atc tct gca gag gag gag gac tgg gac tac gcc ccc 1248 Trp Val His Tyr Ile Ser Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro 405 410 415 gcg gtc ccc agc ccc agt gac aga agt tat aaa agt ctc tac ttg aac 1296 Ala Val Pro Ser Pro Ser Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Leu Tyr Leu Asn 420 425 430 agt ggt cct cag cga att ggt agg aaa tac aaa aaa gct cga ttc gtc 1344 Ser Gly Pro Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Ala Arg Phe Val 435 440 445 gct tac acg gat gta aca ttt aag act cgt aaa gct att ccg tat gaa 1392 Ala Tyr Thr Asp Val Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Lys Ala Ile Pro Tyr Glu 450 455 460 tca gga atc ctg gga cct tta ctt tat gga gaa gtt gga gac aca ctt 1440 Ser Gly Ile Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu 465 470 475 480 ttg att ata ttt aag aat aaa gcg agc cga cca tat aac atc tac cct 1488 Leu Ile Ile Phe Lys Asn Lys Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro 485 490 495 cat gga atc act gat gtc agc gct ttg cac cca ggg aga ctt cta aaa 1536 His Gly Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Ala Leu His Pro Gly Arg Leu Leu Lys 500 505 510 ggt tgg aaa cat ttg aaa gac atg cca att ctg cca gga gag act ttc 1584 Gly Trp Lys His Leu Lys Asp Met Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Thr Phe 515 520 525 aag tat aaa tgg aca gtg act gtg gaa gat ggg cca acc aag tcc gat 1632 Lys Tyr Lys Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp 530 535 540 cct cgg tgc ctg acc cgc tac tac tcg agc tcc att aat cta gag aaa 1680 Pro Arg Cys Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Ser Ile Asn Leu Glu Lys 545 550 555 560 gat ctg gct tcg gga ctc att ggc cct ctc ctc atc tgc tac aaa gaa 1728 Asp Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu 565 570 575 tct gta gac caa aga gga aac cag atg atg tca gac aag aga aac gtc 1776 Ser Val Asp Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Met Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val 580 585 590 atc ctg ttt tct gta ttc gat gag aat caa agc tgg tac ctc gca gag 1824 Ile Leu Phe Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Trp Tyr Leu Ala Glu 595 600 605 aat att cag cgc ttc ctc ccc aat ccg gat gga tta cag ccc cag gat 1872 Asn Ile Gln Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Asp Gly Leu Gln Pro Gln Asp 610 615 620 cca gag ttc caa gct tct aac atc atg cac agc atc aat ggc tat gtt 1920 Pro Glu Phe Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val 625 630 635 640 ttt gat agc ttg cag ctg tcg gtt tgt ttg cac gag gtg gca tac tgg 1968 Phe Asp Ser Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp 645 650 655 tac att cta agt gtt gga gca cag acg gac ttc ctc tcc gtc ttc ttc 2016 Tyr Ile Leu Ser Val Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe 660 665 670 tct ggc tac acc ttc aaa cac aaa atg gtc tat gaa gac aca ctc acc 2064 Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr 675 680 685 ctg ttc ccc ttc tca gga gaa acg gtc ttc atg tca atg gaa aac cca 2112 Leu Phe Pro Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro 690 695 700 ggt ctc tgg gtc cta ggg tgc cac aac tca gac ttg cgg aac aga ggg 2160 Gly Leu Trp Val Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Leu Arg Asn Arg Gly 705 710 715 720 atg aca gcc tta ctg aag gtg tat agt tgt gac agg gac att ggt gat 2208 Met Thr Ala Leu Leu Lys Val Tyr Ser Cys Asp Arg Asp Ile Gly Asp 725 730 735 tat tat gac aac act tat gaa gat att cca ggc ttc ttg ctg agt gga 2256 Tyr Tyr Asp Asn Thr Tyr Glu Asp Ile Pro Gly Phe Leu Leu Ser Gly 740 745 750 aag aat gtc att gaa ccc aga agc ttt gcc cag aat tca aga ccc cct 2304 Lys Asn Val Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ala Gln Asn Ser Arg Pro Pro 755 760 765 agt gcg agc caa aag caa ttc caa acc atc aca agt cca gaa gat gac 2352 Ser Ala Ser Gln Lys Gln Phe Gln Thr Ile Thr Ser Pro Glu Asp Asp 770 775 780 gtg gag ctt gac ccg cag tct gga gag aga acc caa gca ctg gaa gaa 2400 Val Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Ser Gly Glu Arg Thr Gln Ala Leu Glu Glu 785 790 795 800 cta agt gtc ccc tct ggt gat ggg tcg atg ctc ttg gga cag aat cct 2448 Leu Ser Val Pro Ser Gly Asp Gly Ser Met Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Pro 805 810 815 gct cca cat ggc tca tcc tca tct gat ctt caa gaa gcc agg aat gag 2496 Ala Pro His Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Gln Glu Ala Arg Asn Glu 820 825 830 gct gat gat tat tta cct gga gca aga gaa aga aac acg gcc cca tcc 2544 Ala Asp Asp Tyr Leu Pro Gly Ala Arg Glu Arg Asn Thr Ala Pro Ser 835 840 845 gca gcg gca cgt ctc aga cca gag ctg cat cac agt gcc gaa aga gta 2592 Ala Ala Ala Arg Leu Arg Pro Glu Leu His His Ser Ala Glu Arg Val 850 855 860 ctt act cct gag cca gag aaa gag ttg aag aaa ctt gat tca aaa atg 2640 Leu Thr Pro Glu Pro Glu Lys Glu Leu Lys Lys Leu Asp Ser Lys Met 865 870 875 880 tct agt tca tca gac ctt cta aag act tcg cca aca att cca tca gac 2688 Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Lys Thr Ser Pro Thr Ile Pro Ser Asp 885 890 895 acg ttg tca gcg gag act gaa agg aca cat tcc tta ggc ccc cca cac 2736 Thr Leu Ser Ala Glu Thr Glu Arg Thr His Ser Leu Gly Pro Pro His 900 905 910 ccg cag gtt aat ttc agg agt caa tta ggt gcc att gta ctt ggc aaa 2784 Pro Gln Val Asn Phe Arg Ser Gln Leu Gly Ala Ile Val Leu Gly Lys 915 920 925 aat tca tct cac ttt att ggg gct ggt gtc cct ttg ggc tcg act gag 2832 Asn Ser Ser His Phe Ile Gly Ala Gly Val Pro Leu Gly Ser Thr Glu 930 935 940 gag gat cat gaa agc tcc ctg gga gaa aat gta tca cca gtg gag agt 2880 Glu Asp His Glu Ser Ser Leu Gly Glu Asn Val Ser Pro Val Glu Ser 945 950 955 960 gac ggg ata ttt gaa aag gaa aga gct cat gga cct gct tca ctg acc 2928 Asp Gly Ile Phe Glu Lys Glu Arg Ala His Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Thr 965 970 975 aaa gac gat gtt tta ttt aaa gtt aat atc tct ttg gta aag aca aac 2976 Lys Asp Asp Val Leu Phe Lys Val Asn Ile Ser Leu Val Lys Thr Asn 980 985 990 aag gca cga gtt tac tta aaa act aat aga aag att cac att gat gac 3024 Lys Ala Arg Val Tyr Leu Lys Thr Asn Arg Lys Ile His Ile Asp Asp 995 1000 1005 gca gct tta tta act gag aat agg gca tct gca acg ttt atg gac aaa 3072 Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Glu Asn Arg Ala Ser Ala Thr Phe Met Asp Lys 1010 1015 1020 aat act aca gct tcg gga tta aat cat gtg tca aat tgg ata aaa ggg 3120 Asn Thr Thr Ala Ser Gly Leu Asn His Val Ser Asn Trp Ile Lys Gly 1025 1030 1035 1040 ccc ctt ggc aag aac ccc cta agc tcg gag cga ggc ccc agt cca gag 3168 Pro Leu Gly Lys Asn Pro Leu Ser Ser Glu Arg Gly Pro Ser Pro Glu 1045 1050 1055 ctt ctg aca tct tca gga tca gga aaa tct gtg aaa ggt cag agt tct 3216 Leu Leu Thr Ser Ser Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser Val Lys Gly Gln Ser Ser 1060 1065 1070 ggg cag ggg aga ata cgg gtg gca gtg gaa gag gaa gaa ctg agc aaa 3264 Gly Gln Gly Arg Ile Arg Val Ala Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Leu Ser Lys 1075 1080 1085 ggc aaa gag atg atg ctt ccc aac agc gag ctc acc ttt ctc act aac 3312 Gly Lys Glu Met Met Leu Pro Asn Ser Glu Leu Thr Phe Leu Thr Asn 1090 1095 1100 tcg gct gat gtc caa gga aac gat aca cac agt caa gga aaa aag tct 3360 Ser Ala Asp Val Gln Gly Asn Asp Thr His Ser Gln Gly Lys Lys Ser 1105 1110 1115 1120 cgg gaa gag atg gaa agg aga gaa aaa tta gtc caa gaa aaa gtc gac 3408 Arg Glu Glu Met Glu Arg Arg Glu Lys Leu Val Gln Glu Lys Val Asp 1125 1130 1135 ttg cct cag gtg tat aca gcg act gga act aag aat ttc ctg aga aac 3456 Leu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Ala Thr Gly Thr Lys Asn Phe Leu Arg Asn 1140 1145 1150 att ttt cac caa agc act gag ccc agt gta gaa ggg ttt gat ggg ggg 3504 Ile Phe His Gln Ser Thr Glu Pro Ser Val Glu Gly Phe Asp Gly Gly 1155 1160 1165 tca cat gcg ccg gtg cct caa gac agc agg tca tta aat gat tcg gca 3552 Ser His Ala Pro Val Pro Gln Asp Ser Arg Ser Leu Asn Asp Ser Ala 1170 1175 1180 gag aga gca gag act cac ata gcc cat ttc tca gca att agg gaa gag 3600 Glu Arg Ala Glu Thr His Ile Ala His Phe Ser Ala Ile Arg Glu Glu 1185 1190 1195 1200 gca ccc ttg gaa gcc ccg gga aat cga aca ggt cca ggt ccg agg agt 3648 Ala Pro Leu Glu Ala Pro Gly Asn Arg Thr Gly Pro Gly Pro Arg Ser 1205 1210 1215 gcg gtt ccc cgc cgc gtt aag cag agc ttg aaa cag atc aga ctc ccg 3696 Ala Val Pro Arg Arg Val Lys Gln Ser Leu Lys Gln Ile Arg Leu Pro 1220 1225 1230 cta gaa gaa ata aag cct gaa agg ggg gtg gtt ctg aat gcc acc tca 3744 Leu Glu Glu Ile Lys Pro Glu Arg Gly Val Val Leu Asn Ala Thr Ser 1235 1240 1245 acc cgg tgg tct gaa agc agt cct atc tta caa gga gcc aaa aga aat 3792 Thr Arg Trp Ser Glu Ser Ser Pro Ile Leu Gln Gly Ala Lys Arg Asn 1250 1255 1260 aac ctt tct tta cct ttc ctg acc ttg gaa atg gcc gga ggt caa gga 3840 Asn Leu Ser Leu Pro Phe Leu Thr Leu Glu Met Ala Gly Gly Gln Gly 1265 1270 1275 1280 aag atc agc gcc ctg ggg aaa agt gcc gca ggc ccg ctg gcg tcc ggg 3888 Lys Ile Ser Ala Leu Gly Lys Ser Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly 1285 1290 1295 aag ctg gag aag gct gtt ctc tct tca gca ggc ttg tct gaa gca tct 3936 Lys Leu Glu Lys Ala Val Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Ser Glu Ala Ser 1300 1305 1310 ggc aaa gct gag ttt ctt cct aaa gtt cga gtt cat cgg gaa gac ctg 3984 Gly Lys Ala Glu Phe Leu Pro Lys Val Arg Val His Arg Glu Asp Leu 1315 1320 1325 ttg cct caa aaa acc agc aat gtt tct tgc gca cac ggg gat ctc ggc 4032 Leu Pro Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Val Ser Cys Ala His Gly Asp Leu Gly 1330 1335 1340 cag gag atc ttc ctg cag aaa aca cgg gga cct gtt aac ctg aac aaa 4080 Gln Glu Ile Phe Leu Gln Lys Thr Arg Gly Pro Val Asn Leu Asn Lys 1345 1350 1355 1360 gta aat aga cct gga agg act ccc tcc aag ctt ctg ggt ccc ccg atg 4128 Val Asn Arg Pro Gly Arg Thr Pro Ser Lys Leu Leu Gly Pro Pro Met 1365 1370 1375 ccc aaa gag tgg gaa tcc cta gag aag tca cca aaa agc aca gct ctc 4176 Pro Lys Glu Trp Glu Ser Leu Glu Lys Ser Pro Lys Ser Thr Ala Leu 1380 1385 1390 agg acg aaa gac atc atc agt tta ccc ctg gac cgt cac gaa agc aat 4224 Arg Thr Lys Asp Ile Ile Ser Leu Pro Leu Asp Arg His Glu Ser Asn 1395 1400 1405 cat tca ata gca gca aaa aat gaa gga caa gcc gag acc caa aga gaa 4272 His Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Asn Glu Gly Gln Ala Glu Thr Gln Arg Glu 1410 1415 1420 gcc gcc tgg acg aag cag gga ggg cct gga agg ctg tgc gct cca aag 4320 Ala Ala Trp Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly Pro Gly Arg Leu Cys Ala Pro Lys 1425 1430 1435 1440 cct ccg gtc ctg cga cgg cat cag agg gac ata agc ctt cct act ttt 4368 Pro Pro Val Leu Arg Arg His Gln Arg Asp Ile Ser Leu Pro Thr Phe 1445 1450 1455 cag ccg gag gaa gac aaa atg gac tat gat gat atc ttc tca act gaa 4416 Gln Pro Glu Glu Asp Lys Met Asp Tyr Asp Asp Ile Phe Ser Thr Glu 1460 1465 1470 acg aag gga gaa gat ttt gac att tac ggt gag gat gaa aat cag gac 4464 Thr Lys Gly Glu Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr Gly Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Asp 1475 1480 1485 cct cgc agc ttt cag aag aga acc cga cac tat ttc att gct gcg gtg 4512 Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Arg Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val 1490 1495 1500 gag cag ctc tgg gat tac ggg atg agc gaa tcc ccc cgg gcg cta aga 4560 Glu Gln Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser Glu Ser Pro Arg Ala Leu Arg 1505 1510 1515 1520 aac agg gct cag aac gga gag gtg cct cgg ttc aag aag gtg gtc ttc 4608 Asn Arg Ala Gln Asn Gly Glu Val Pro Arg Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe 1525 1530 1535 cgg gaa ttt gct gac ggc tcc ttc acg cag ccg tcg tac cgc ggg gaa 4656 Arg Glu Phe Ala Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Gln Pro Ser Tyr Arg Gly Glu 1540 1545 1550 ctc aac aaa cac ttg ggg ctc ttg gga ccc tac atc aga gcg gaa gtt 4704 Leu Asn Lys His Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val 1555 1560 1565 gaa gac aac atc atg gta act ttc aaa aac cag gcg tct cgt ccc tat 4752 Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr 1570 1575 1580 tcc ttc tac tcg agc ctt att tct tat ccg gat gat cag gag caa ggg 4800 Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr Pro Asp Asp Gln Glu Gln Gly 1585 1590 1595 1600 gca gaa cct cga cac aac ttc gtc cag cca aat gaa acc aga act tac 4848 Ala Glu Pro Arg His Asn Phe Val Gln Pro Asn Glu Thr Arg Thr Tyr 1605 1610 1615 ttt tgg aaa gtg cag cat cac atg gca ccc aca gaa gac gag ttt gac 4896 Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His Met Ala Pro Thr Glu Asp Glu Phe Asp 1620 1625 1630 tgc aaa gcc tgg gcc tac ttt tct gat gtt gac ctg gaa aaa gat gtg 4944 Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val 1635 1640 1645 cac tca ggc ttg atc ggc ccc ctt ctg atc tgc cgc gcc aac acc ctg 4992 His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Arg Ala Asn Thr Leu 1650 1655 1660 aac gct gct cac ggt aga caa gtg acc gtg caa gaa ttt gct ctg ttt 5040 Asn Ala Ala His Gly Arg Gln Val Thr Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe 1665 1670 1675 1680 ttc act att ttt gat gag aca aag agc tgg tac ttc act gaa aat gtg 5088 Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Val 1685 1690 1695 gaa agg aac tgc cgg gcc ccc tgc cac ctg cag atg gag gac ccc act 5136 Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro Cys His Leu Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr 1700 1705 1710 ctg aaa gaa aac tat cgc ttc cat gca atc aat ggc tat gtg atg gat 5184 Leu Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Met Asp 1715 1720 1725 aca ctc cct ggc tta gta atg gct cag aat caa agg atc cga tgg tat 5232 Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met Ala Gln Asn Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr 1730 1735 1740 ctg ctc agc atg ggc agc aat gaa aat atc cat tcg att cat ttt agc 5280 Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser 1745 1750 1755 1760 gga cac gtg ttc agt gta cgg aaa aag gag gag tat aaa atg gcc gtg 5328 Gly His Val Phe Ser Val Arg Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Val 1765 1770 1775 tac aat ctc tat ccg ggt gtc ttt gag aca gtg gaa atg cta ccg tcc 5376 Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val Phe Glu Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser 1780 1785 1790 aaa gtt gga att tgg cga ata gaa tgc ctg att ggc gag cac ctg caa 5424 Lys Val Gly Ile Trp Arg Ile Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu Gln 1795 1800 1805 gct ggg atg agc acg act ttc ctg gtg tac agc aag gag tgt cag gct 5472 Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Thr Phe Leu Val Tyr Ser Lys Glu Cys Gln Ala 1810 1815 1820 cca ctg gga atg gct tct gga cgc att aga gat ttt cag atc aca gct 5520 Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly Arg Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala 1825 1830 1835 1840 tca gga cag tat gga cag tgg gcc cca aag ctg gcc aga ctt cat tat 5568 Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr 1845 1850 1855 tcc gga tca atc aat gcc tgg agc acc aag gat ccc cac tcc tgg atc 5616 Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr Lys Asp Pro His Ser Trp Ile 1860 1865 1870 aag gtg gat ctg ttg gca cca atg atc att cac ggc atc atg acc cag 5664 Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro Met Ile Ile His Gly Ile Met Thr Gln 1875 1880 1885 ggt gcc cgt cag aag ttt tcc agc ctc tac atc tcc cag ttt atc atc 5712 Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile 1890 1895 1900 atg tac agt ctt gac ggg agg aac tgg cag agt tac cga ggg aat tcc 5760 Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Arg Asn Trp Gln Ser Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser 1905 1910 1915 1920 acg ggc acc tta atg gtc ttc ttt ggc aat gtg gac gca tct ggg att 5808 Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ala Ser Gly Ile 1925 1930 1935 aaa cac aat att ttt aac cct ccg att gtg gct cgg tac atc cgt ttg 5856 Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile Val Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu 1940 1945 1950 cac cca aca cat tac agc atc cgc agc act ctt cgc atg gag ttg atg 5904 His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met 1955 1960 1965 ggc tgt gat tta aac agt tgc agc atg ccc ctg gga atg cag aat aaa 5952 Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Met Pro Leu Gly Met Gln Asn Lys 1970 1975 1980 gcg ata tca gac tca cag atc acg gcc tcc tcc cac cta agc aat ata 6000 Ala Ile Ser Asp Ser Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser His Leu Ser Asn Ile 1985 1990 1995 2000 ttt gcc acc tgg tct cct tca caa gcc cga ctt cac ctc cag ggg cgg 6048 Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg 2005 2010 2015 acg aat gcc tgg cga ccc cgg gtg agc agc gca gag gag tgg ctg cag 6096 Thr Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Arg Val Ser Ser Ala Glu Glu Trp Leu Gln 2020 2025 2030 gtg gac ctg cag aag acg gtg aag gtc aca ggc atc acc acc cag ggc 6144 Val Asp Leu Gln Lys Thr Val Lys Val Thr Gly Ile Thr Thr Gln Gly 2035 2040 2045 gtg aag tcc ctg ctc agc agc atg tat gtg aag gag ttc ctc gtg tcc 6192 Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Ser Ser Met Tyr Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Val Ser 2050 2055 2060 agt agt cag gac ggc cgc cgc tgg acc ctg ttt ctt cag gac ggc cac 6240 Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly Arg Arg Trp Thr Leu Phe Leu Gln Asp Gly His 2065 2070 2075 2080 acg aag gtt ttt cag ggc aat cag gac tcc tcc acc ccc gtg gtg aac 6288 Thr Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp Ser Ser Thr Pro Val Val Asn 2085 2090 2095 gct ctg gac ccc ccg ctg ttc acg cgc tac ctg agg atc cac ccc acg 6336 Ala Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Phe Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Thr 2100 2105 2110 agc tgg gcg cag cac atc gcc ctg agg ctc gag gtt cta gga tgt gag 6384 Ser Trp Ala Gln His Ile Ala Leu Arg Leu Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu 2115 2120 2125 gca cag gat ctc tac tga 6402 Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr 2130 4 2133 PRT Porcine 4 Met Gln Leu Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Val Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Pro Leu 1 5 10 15 Gly Phe Ser Ala Ile Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser 20 25 30 Trp Asp Tyr Arg Gln Ser Glu Leu Leu Arg Glu Leu His Val Asp Thr 35 40 45 Arg Phe Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Gly Ala Leu Pro Leu Gly Pro Ser Val 50 55 60 Leu Tyr Lys Lys Thr Val Phe Val Glu Phe Thr Asp Gln Leu Phe Ser 65 70 75 80 Val Ala Arg Pro Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile 85 90 95 Gln Ala Glu Val Tyr Asp Thr Val Val Val Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala 100 105 110 Ser His Pro Val Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Phe Trp Lys Ser 115 120 125 Ser Glu Gly Ala Glu Tyr Glu Asp His Thr Ser Gln Arg Glu Lys Glu 130 135 140 Asp Asp Lys Val Leu Pro Gly Lys Ser Gln Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val 145 150 155 160 Leu Lys Glu Asn Gly Pro Thr Ala Ser Asp Pro Pro Cys Leu Thr Tyr 165 170 175 Ser Tyr Leu Ser His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu 180 185 190 Ile Gly Ala Leu Leu Val Cys Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Thr Arg Glu Arg 195 200 205 Thr Gln Asn Leu His Glu Phe Val Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu 210 215 220 Gly Lys Ser Trp His Ser Ala Arg Asn Asp Ser Trp Thr Arg Ala Met 225 230 235 240 Asp Pro Ala Pro Ala Arg Ala Gln Pro Ala Met His Thr Val Asn Gly 245 250 255 Tyr Val Asn Arg Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Lys Lys Ser 260 265 270 Val Tyr Trp His Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Ser Pro Glu Val His Ser 275 280 285 Ile Phe Leu Glu Gly His Thr Phe Leu Val Arg His His Arg Gln Ala 290 295 300 Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Leu Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Phe Leu 305 310 315 320 Met Asp Leu Gly Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His His 325 330 335 His Gly Gly Met Glu Ala His Val Arg Val Glu Ser Cys Ala Glu Glu 340 345 350 Pro Gln Leu Arg Arg Lys Ala Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Tyr Asp Asp Asn 355 360 365 Leu Tyr Asp Ser Asp Met Asp Val Val Arg Leu Asp Gly Asp Asp Val 370 375 380 Ser Pro Phe Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys His Pro Lys Thr 385 390 395 400 Trp Val His Tyr Ile Ser Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro 405 410 415 Ala Val Pro Ser Pro Ser Asp Arg Ser Tyr Lys Ser Leu Tyr Leu Asn 420 425 430 Ser Gly Pro Gln Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Ala Arg Phe Val 435 440 445 Ala Tyr Thr Asp Val Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Lys Ala Ile Pro Tyr Glu 450 455 460 Ser Gly Ile Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu 465 470 475 480 Leu Ile Ile Phe Lys Asn Lys Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro 485 490 495 His Gly Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Ala Leu His Pro Gly Arg Leu Leu Lys 500 505 510 Gly Trp Lys His Leu Lys Asp Met Pro Ile Leu Pro Gly Glu Thr Phe 515 520 525 Lys Tyr Lys Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp 530 535 540 Pro Arg Cys Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Ser Ile Asn Leu Glu Lys 545 550 555 560 Asp Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu 565 570 575 Ser Val Asp Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Met Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val 580 585 590 Ile Leu Phe Ser Val Phe Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Trp Tyr Leu Ala Glu 595 600 605 Asn Ile Gln Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Pro Asp Gly Leu Gln Pro Gln Asp 610 615 620 Pro Glu Phe Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val 625 630 635 640 Phe Asp Ser Leu Gln Leu Ser Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp 645 650 655 Tyr Ile Leu Ser Val Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Phe 660 665 670 Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr 675 680 685 Leu Phe Pro Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro 690 695 700 Gly Leu Trp Val Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Leu Arg Asn Arg Gly 705 710 715 720 Met Thr Ala Leu Leu Lys Val Tyr Ser Cys Asp Arg Asp Ile Gly Asp 725 730 735 Tyr Tyr Asp Asn Thr Tyr Glu Asp Ile Pro Gly Phe Leu Leu Ser Gly 740 745 750 Lys Asn Val Ile Glu Pro Arg Ser Phe Ala Gln Asn Ser Arg Pro Pro 755 760 765 Ser Ala Ser Gln Lys Gln Phe Gln Thr Ile Thr Ser Pro Glu Asp Asp 770 775 780 Val Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Ser Gly Glu Arg Thr Gln Ala Leu Glu Glu 785 790 795 800 Leu Ser Val Pro Ser Gly Asp Gly Ser Met Leu Leu Gly Gln Asn Pro 805 810 815 Ala Pro His Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Gln Glu Ala Arg Asn Glu 820 825 830 Ala Asp Asp Tyr Leu Pro Gly Ala Arg Glu Arg Asn Thr Ala Pro Ser 835 840 845 Ala Ala Ala Arg Leu Arg Pro Glu Leu His His Ser Ala Glu Arg Val 850 855 860 Leu Thr Pro Glu Pro Glu Lys Glu Leu Lys Lys Leu Asp Ser Lys Met 865 870 875 880 Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Lys Thr Ser Pro Thr Ile Pro Ser Asp 885 890 895 Thr Leu Ser Ala Glu Thr Glu Arg Thr His Ser Leu Gly Pro Pro His 900 905 910 Pro Gln Val Asn Phe Arg Ser Gln Leu Gly Ala Ile Val Leu Gly Lys 915 920 925 Asn Ser Ser His Phe Ile Gly Ala Gly Val Pro Leu Gly Ser Thr Glu 930 935 940 Glu Asp His Glu Ser Ser Leu Gly Glu Asn Val Ser Pro Val Glu Ser 945 950 955 960 Asp Gly Ile Phe Glu Lys Glu Arg Ala His Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Thr 965 970 975 Lys Asp Asp Val Leu Phe Lys Val Asn Ile Ser Leu Val Lys Thr Asn 980 985 990 Lys Ala Arg Val Tyr Leu Lys Thr Asn Arg Lys Ile His Ile Asp Asp 995 1000 1005 Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Glu Asn Arg Ala Ser Ala Thr Phe Met Asp Lys 1010 1015 1020 Asn Thr Thr Ala Ser Gly Leu Asn His Val Ser Asn Trp Ile Lys Gly 1025 1030 1035 1040 Pro Leu Gly Lys Asn Pro Leu Ser Ser Glu Arg Gly Pro Ser Pro Glu 1045 1050 1055 Leu Leu Thr Ser Ser Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser Val Lys Gly Gln Ser Ser 1060 1065 1070 Gly Gln Gly Arg Ile Arg Val Ala Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Leu Ser Lys 1075 1080 1085 Gly Lys Glu Met Met Leu Pro Asn Ser Glu Leu Thr Phe Leu Thr Asn 1090 1095 1100 Ser Ala Asp Val Gln Gly Asn Asp Thr His Ser Gln Gly Lys Lys Ser 1105 1110 1115 1120 Arg Glu Glu Met Glu Arg Arg Glu Lys Leu Val Gln Glu Lys Val Asp 1125 1130 1135 Leu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr Ala Thr Gly Thr Lys Asn Phe Leu Arg Asn 1140 1145 1150 Ile Phe His Gln Ser Thr Glu Pro Ser Val Glu Gly Phe Asp Gly Gly 1155 1160 1165 Ser His Ala Pro Val Pro Gln Asp Ser Arg Ser Leu Asn Asp Ser Ala 1170 1175 1180 Glu Arg Ala Glu Thr His Ile Ala His Phe Ser Ala Ile Arg Glu Glu 1185 1190 1195 1200 Ala Pro Leu Glu Ala Pro Gly Asn Arg Thr Gly Pro Gly Pro Arg Ser 1205 1210 1215 Ala Val Pro Arg Arg Val Lys Gln Ser Leu Lys Gln Ile Arg Leu Pro 1220 1225 1230 Leu Glu Glu Ile Lys Pro Glu Arg Gly Val Val Leu Asn Ala Thr Ser 1235 1240 1245 Thr Arg Trp Ser Glu Ser Ser Pro Ile Leu Gln Gly Ala Lys Arg Asn 1250 1255 1260 Asn Leu Ser Leu Pro Phe Leu Thr Leu Glu Met Ala Gly Gly Gln Gly 1265 1270 1275 1280 Lys Ile Ser Ala Leu Gly Lys Ser Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly 1285 1290 1295 Lys Leu Glu Lys Ala Val Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Ser Glu Ala Ser 1300 1305 1310 Gly Lys Ala Glu Phe Leu Pro Lys Val Arg Val His Arg Glu Asp Leu 1315 1320 1325 Leu Pro Gln Lys Thr Ser Asn Val Ser Cys Ala His Gly Asp Leu Gly 1330 1335 1340 Gln Glu Ile Phe Leu Gln Lys Thr Arg Gly Pro Val Asn Leu Asn Lys 1345 1350 1355 1360 Val Asn Arg Pro Gly Arg Thr Pro Ser Lys Leu Leu Gly Pro Pro Met 1365 1370 1375 Pro Lys Glu Trp Glu Ser Leu Glu Lys Ser Pro Lys Ser Thr Ala Leu 1380 1385 1390 Arg Thr Lys Asp Ile Ile Ser Leu Pro Leu Asp Arg His Glu Ser Asn 1395 1400 1405 His Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Asn Glu Gly Gln Ala Glu Thr Gln Arg Glu 1410 1415 1420 Ala Ala Trp Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly Pro Gly Arg Leu Cys Ala Pro Lys 1425 1430 1435 1440 Pro Pro Val Leu Arg Arg His Gln Arg Asp Ile Ser Leu Pro Thr Phe 1445 1450 1455 Gln Pro Glu Glu Asp Lys Met Asp Tyr Asp Asp Ile Phe Ser Thr Glu 1460 1465 1470 Thr Lys Gly Glu Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr Gly Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Asp 1475 1480 1485 Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Lys Arg Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val 1490 1495 1500 Glu Gln Leu Trp Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser Glu Ser Pro Arg Ala Leu Arg 1505 1510 1515 1520 Asn Arg Ala Gln Asn Gly Glu Val Pro Arg Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe 1525 1530 1535 Arg Glu Phe Ala Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Gln Pro Ser Tyr Arg Gly Glu 1540 1545 1550 Leu Asn Lys His Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val 1555 1560 1565 Glu Asp Asn Ile Met Val Thr Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr 1570 1575 1580 Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ile Ser Tyr Pro Asp Asp Gln Glu Gln Gly 1585 1590 1595 1600 Ala Glu Pro Arg His Asn Phe Val Gln Pro Asn Glu Thr Arg Thr Tyr 1605 1610 1615 Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His His Met Ala Pro Thr Glu Asp Glu Phe Asp 1620 1625 1630 Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu Lys Asp Val 1635 1640 1645 His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Arg Ala Asn Thr Leu 1650 1655 1660 Asn Ala Ala His Gly Arg Gln Val Thr Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Phe 1665 1670 1675 1680 Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu Thr Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Val 1685 1690 1695 Glu Arg Asn Cys Arg Ala Pro Cys His Leu Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr 1700 1705 1710 Leu Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg Phe His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Met Asp 1715 1720 1725 Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val Met Ala Gln Asn Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr 1730 1735 1740 Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Ser Asn Glu Asn Ile His Ser Ile His Phe Ser 1745 1750 1755 1760 Gly His Val Phe Ser Val Arg Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Val 1765 1770 1775 Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly Val Phe Glu Thr Val Glu Met Leu Pro Ser 1780 1785 1790 Lys Val Gly Ile Trp Arg Ile Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu Gln 1795 1800 1805 Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Thr Phe Leu Val Tyr Ser Lys Glu Cys Gln Ala 1810 1815 1820 Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser Gly Arg Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala 1825 1830 1835 1840 Ser Gly Gln Tyr Gly Gln Trp Ala Pro Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr 1845 1850 1855 Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala Trp Ser Thr Lys Asp Pro His Ser Trp Ile 1860 1865 1870 Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Pro Met Ile Ile His Gly Ile Met Thr Gln 1875 1880 1885 Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile 1890 1895 1900 Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly Arg Asn Trp Gln Ser Tyr Arg Gly Asn Ser 1905 1910 1915 1920 Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ala Ser Gly Ile 1925 1930 1935 Lys His Asn Ile Phe Asn Pro Pro Ile Val Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu 1940 1945 1950 His Pro Thr His Tyr Ser Ile Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met 1955 1960 1965 Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser Cys Ser Met Pro Leu Gly Met Gln Asn Lys 1970 1975 1980 Ala Ile Ser Asp Ser Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser His Leu Ser Asn Ile 1985 1990 1995 2000 Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg 2005 2010 2015 Thr Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro Arg Val Ser Ser Ala Glu Glu Trp Leu Gln 2020 2025 2030 Val Asp Leu Gln Lys Thr Val Lys Val Thr Gly Ile Thr Thr Gln Gly 2035 2040 2045 Val Lys Ser Leu Leu Ser Ser Met Tyr Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Val Ser 2050 2055 2060 Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly Arg Arg Trp Thr Leu Phe Leu Gln Asp Gly His 2065 2070 2075 2080 Thr Lys Val Phe Gln Gly Asn Gln Asp Ser Ser Thr Pro Val Val Asn 2085 2090 2095 Ala Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu Phe Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Thr 2100 2105 2110 Ser Trp Ala Gln His Ile Ala Leu Arg Leu Glu Val Leu Gly Cys Glu 2115 2120 2125 Ala Gln Asp Leu Tyr 2130 5 7493 DNA Mus musculus 5 tctagagttt ctttgctaca ggtaccaagg aacagtcttt tagaataggc taggaattta 60 aatacacctg aacgcccctc ctcagtattc tgttcctttt cttaaggatt caaacttgtt 120 aggatgcacc cagcaggaaa tgggttaagc cttagctcag ccactcttcc tattccagtt 180 ttcctgtgcc tgcttcctac tacccaaaag gaagtaatcc ttcagatctg ttttgtgcta 240 atgctacttt cactcacagt agataaactt ccagaaaatc ctctgcaaaa tatttaggac 300 tttttactaa atcattacat ttctttttgt tcttaaaagc taaagttatt ttagagaaga 360 gttaaatttt catttcttta gttgaacatt ttctagtaat aaaagccatg caaatagcac 420 tcttcgcttg cttctttctg agccttttca atttctgctc tagtgccatc agaagatact 480 accttggtgc agtggaattg tcctggaact atattcagag tgatctgctc agtgtgctgc 540 atacagactc aagatttctt cctagaatgt caacatcttt tccattcaac acctccatca 600 tgtataaaaa gactgtgttt gtagagtaca aggaccagct tttcaacatt gccaagccca 660 ggccaccctg gatgggtttg ctaggtccta ccatttggac tgaggttcat gacacagtgg 720 tcattacact taaaaacatg gcttctcatc ctgtcagtct tcatgctgtt ggtgtgtcct 780 actggaaagc ttctgaggga gatgaatatg aagatcagac aagccaaatg gagaaggaag 840 atgataaagt tttccctggt gaaagtcata cttatgtttg gcaagtcctg aaagagaatg 900 gtccaatggc ctctgaccct ccatgtctca cttactcata tatgtctcat gtggatctgg 960 tgaaagattt gaattcaggc ctcattggag ctctgctagt atgtaaagaa ggcagtctct 1020 ccaaagaaag aacacagatg ttgtaccaat ttgtactgct ttttgctgta tttgatgaag 1080 ggaagagctg gcactcagaa acaaacgact cttatacaca gtctatggat tctgcatctg 1140 ctagagactg gcctaaaatg cacacagtca atggctatgt aaacaggtct cttccaggtc 1200 tgattggatg ccataggaaa tcagtctact ggcacgtgat tggaatgggc accactcctg 1260 aaatacactc aatattcctc gaaggtcaca cattttttgt gaggaaccac cgtcaagctt 1320 cattggagat atcaccaata actttcctta ctgctcaaac actcttgata gatcttgggc 1380 agttcctact attttgtcat atctcttccc ataaacatga tggcatggaa gcttatgtca 1440 aagtagatag ctgccctgag gaatcccaat ggcaaaagaa aaataataat gaggaaatgg 1500 aagattatga tgatgatctt tattcagaaa tggatatgtt cacattggat tatgacagct 1560 ctccttttat ccaaattcgc tcggttgcta aaaagtaccc taaaacttgg atacattata 1620 tttctgctga ggaggaagac tgggactatg caccttcagt tcctacctcg gataatggaa 1680 gttataaaag ccagtatctg agcaatggtc ctcatcggat tggtaggaaa tataaaaaag 1740 tcagatttat agcatacaca gatgaaacct ttaagactcg tgaaactatt cagcatgaat 1800 caggactctt gggaccttta ctttatggag aagttggaga cacactgttg attattttta 1860 agaatcaagc aagccgacca tataacattt accctcatgg aatcactgat gtcagtcctc 1920 tacatgcaag gagattgcca agaggtataa agcacgtgaa ggatttgcca attcatccag 1980 gagagatatt caagtacaag tggacagtta cagtagaaga tggaccaact aaatcagatc 2040 cacggtgcct gacccgctat tattcaagtt tcattaaccc tgagagagat ctagcttcag 2100 gactgattgg ccctcttctc atctgctaca aagaatctgt agatcaaagg ggaaaccaga 2160 tgatgtcaga caaaagaaat gtcatcctgt tttctatatt tgatgagaac caaagctggt 2220 acatcacaga gaacatgcaa cgcttcctcc ccaatgcagc taaaacacag ccccaggacc 2280 ctgggttcca ggcctccaac atcatgcaca gcatcaatgg ctatgttttt gatagcttgg 2340 agttgacagt ttgtttgcat gaggtggcat actggcacat tctcagtgtt ggagcacaga 2400 cagacttctt atctatcttc ttctctggat atactttcaa acacaaaatg gtctatgaag 2460 atacacttac cctgttccca ttctcaggag aaactgtctt tatgtcgatg gaaaacccag 2520 gtctatgggt cttggggtgt cataattcag actttcggaa gagaggtatg acagcattgc 2580 tgaaagtttc tagttgtgac aagagcacta gtgattatta tgaagaaata tatgaagata 2640 ttccaacaca gttggtgaat gagaacaatg tcattgatcc cagaagcttc ttccagaata 2700 caaatcatcc taatactagg aaaaagaaat tcaaagattc cacaattcca aaaaatgata 2760 tggagaagat tgagcctcag tttgaagaga tagcagagat gcttaaagta cagagtgtct 2820 cagttagtga catgttgatg ctcttgggac agagtcatcc tactccacat ggcttatttt 2880 tatcagatgg ccaagaagcc atctatgagg ctattcatga tgatcattca ccaaatgcaa 2940 tagacagcaa tgaaggccca tctaaagtga cccaactcag gccagaatcc catcacagtg 3000 agaaaatagt atttactcct cagcccggcc tccagttaag atccaataaa agtttggaga 3060 caactataga agtaaagtgg aagaaacttg gtttgcaagt ttctagtttg ccaagtaatc 3120 taatgactac aacaattctg tcagacaatt tgaaagcaac ttttgaaaag acagattctt 3180 caggatttcc agatatgcca gttcactcta gtagtaaatt aagtactact gcatttggta 3240 agaaagcata ttcccttgtt gggtctcatg tacctttaaa cgcgagtgaa gaaaatagtg 3300 attccaacat attggattca actttaatgt atagtcaaga aagtttacca agagataata 3360 tattatcaat agagaatgat agattactca gagagaagag gtttcatgga attgctttat 3420 tgaccaaaga taatacttta ttcaaagaca atgtctcctt aatgaaaaca aacaaaacat 3480 ataatcattc aacaactaat gaaaaactac acactgagag cccaacatca attgagaata 3540 gtacaacaga cttgcaagat gccatattaa aggtcaatag tgagattcaa gaagtaacag 3600 ctttgattca tgatggaaca cttttaggca aaaattctac atatttgaga ctaaaccata 3660 tgctaaatag aactacctca acaaaaaata aagacatatt tcatagaaaa gatgaagatc 3720 ctattccaca agatgaagag aatacaatca tgccattttc caagatgttg ttcttgtcag 3780 aatcttcaaa ttggtttaaa aagaccaatg gaaataattc cttgaactct gagcaagaac 3840 atagtccaaa gcaattagta tatttaatgt ttaaaaaata tgtaaaaaat caaagtttct 3900 tgtcagagaa aaataaagtc acagtagaac aggatggatt tacaaagaac ataggactta 3960 aagacatggc ttttccacat aatatgagca tatttcttac cactttgtct aacgtacatg 4020 aaaatggtag gcacaatcaa gaaaaaaata ttcaggaaga gatagagaag gaagcactaa 4080 ttgaagagaa agtagttttg ccccaggtgc acgaagcaac tggctctaag aatttcttga 4140 aagacatatt gatactaggc actaggcaaa atataagttt atatgaagta catgtaccag 4200 tacttcaaaa catcacatca ataaacaatt caacaaatac agtacagatt cacatggagc 4260 atttctttaa aagaaggaag gacaaggaaa caaattcaga aggcttggta aataaaacca 4320 gagaaatggt aaaaaactat ccaagccaga agaatattac tactcaacgt agtaaacggg 4380 ctttgggaca attcagactg tcaactcaat ggcttaaaac cataaactgt tcaacacagt 4440 gtatcattaa acagatagac cacagcaagg aaatgaaaaa gttcattact aaatcttcct 4500 tatcagattc ttctgtgatt aaaagcacca ctcagacaaa tagttctgac tcacacattg 4560 taaaaacatc agcatttcca ccaatagatc tcaaaaggag tccattccaa aacaaatttt 4620 ctcatgttca agcatcatcc tacatttatg actttaagac aaaaagttca agaattcaag 4680 aaagcaataa tttcttaaaa gaaaccaaaa taaataaccc ttctttagcc attctaccat 4740 ggaatatgtt catagatcaa ggaaaattta cctccccagg gaaaagtaac acaaactcag 4800 tcacatataa gaaacgtgag aacattattt tcttgaaacc aactttgcct gaagaatctg 4860 gcaaaattga attgcttcct caagtttcca ttcaagagga agaaatttta cctacagaaa 4920 ctagccatgg atctcctgga cacttgaatc tcatgaaaga ggtctttctt cagaaaatac 4980 aggggcctac taaatggaat aaagcaaaga ggcatggaga aagtataaaa ggtaaaacag 5040 agagctctaa aaatactcgc tcaaaactgc taaatcatca tgcttgggat tatcattatg 5100 ctgcacagat accaaaagat atgtggaaat ccaaagagaa gtcaccagaa attatatcca 5160 ttaagcaaga ggacaccatt ttgtctctga ggcctcatgg aaacagtcat tcaatagggg 5220 caaatgagaa acaaaattgg cctcaaagag aaaccacttg ggtaaagcaa ggccaaactc 5280 aaaggacatg ctctcaaatc ccaccagtgt tgaaacgaca tcaaagggaa cttagtgctt 5340 ttcaatcaga acaagaagca actgactatg atgatgccat caccattgaa acaatcgagg 5400 attttgacat ttacagtgag gacataaagc aaggtccccg cagctttcaa cagaaaacaa 5460 ggcactattt tattgcagct gtggaacgac tctgggacta tgggatgagt acatctcatg 5520 ttctacgaaa taggtatcaa agtgacaatg tacctcagtt caagaaagta gttttccagg 5580 aatttactga tggctccttt agtcagccct tatatcgtgg agaattaaat gaacacctgg 5640 ggttgttggg cccatatata agagcagaag ttgaagacaa cattatggta actttcaaaa 5700 accaggcctc ccgtccctac tccttctatt ctagcctcat ttcttataaa gaagatcaga 5760 gaggagaaga acctagaaga aactttgtca agcctaatga aaccaaaatt tatttttgga 5820 aagtacaaca tcatatggca cccacagaag atgagtttga ctgcaaggcc tgggcttatt 5880 tctctgatgt tgatcttgaa agagatatgc actcgggatt aattggaccc cttctgattt 5940 gccacgcgaa cacactgaat cctgctcatg ggagacaagt gtcagtacag gaatttgctc 6000 tgcttttcac tatctttgat gagaccaaga gctggtactt cactgaaaac gtgaaaagga 6060 actgcaagac accctgcaat ttccagatgg aagaccccac tttgaaagag aattatcgct 6120 tccatgcaat caatggttat gtaatggata ccctaccagg cttagtaatg gctcaagatc 6180 aaaggattcg atggtatctt ctcagcatgg gcaacaatga gaacatccaa tctattcatt 6240 tcagtggaca tgttttcact gtacggaaaa aagaggagta taaaatggca gtgtacaacc 6300 tctacccagg tgtttttgag actctggaaa tgataccatc cagagctgga atatggcgag 6360 tagaatgcct tattggcgag cacttacagg ctgggatgag cactcttttt ctggtgtaca 6420 gcaagcagtg tcagattcct cttggaatgg cttctggaag catccgtgat ttccagatta 6480 cagcttcagg acattatgga cagtgggccc caaacctggc aagacttcat tattccggat 6540 caatcaatgc ctggagtacc aaggagccct tttcttggat caaggtagat ctgttggcac 6600 caatgattgt tcatggcatc aagactcagg gtgctcgtca gaaattttcc agcctttata 6660 tctctcaatt tatcatcatg tatagcctgg atgggaagaa gtggctgagt tatcaaggaa 6720 attccactgg aaccttaatg gttttctttg gcaatgtgga ctcatctggg attaagcata 6780 atagttttaa tcctccaatt attgctcgat atatccgttt gcaccccact cattctagca 6840 tccgtagtac tcttcgcatg gagttgatgg gctgtgattt aaacagttgc agcataccat 6900 tgggaatgga aagtaaagta atatcagata cacaaatcac tgcctcatcc tacttcacca 6960 acatgtttgc tacttggtct ccttcacaag ctcgacttca cctccaggga aggactaatg 7020 cctggcgacc tcaggtgaat gatccaaaac aatggttgca agtggactta caaaagacaa 7080 tgaaagtcac tggaataata acccagggag tgaaatctct ctttaccagc atgtttgtga 7140 aagagttcct tatttccagc agtcaagatg gccatcactg gactcaaatt ttatacaatg 7200 gcaaggtaaa ggtttttcag gggaatcagg actcatccac acctatgatg aattctctag 7260 acccaccatt actcactcgc tatcttcgaa ttcaccccca gatctgggag caccaaattg 7320 ctctgaggct tgagattcta ggatgtgagg cccagcagca atactgaggt agcctctgca 7380 tcacctgctt attccccttc ctcagctcaa agattgtctt aatgttttat tgctgtgaag 7440 agacactatg accatggcaa ctctttataa aataaagcat ttaatcaggg ctt 7493 6 2319 PRT Mus musculus 6 Met Gln Ile Ala Leu Phe Ala Cys Phe Phe Leu Ser Leu Phe Asn Phe 1 5 10 15 Cys Ser Ser Ala Ile Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Ala Val Glu Leu Ser 20 25 30 Trp Asn Tyr Ile Gln Ser Asp Leu Leu Ser Val Leu His Thr Asp Ser 35 40 45 Arg Phe Leu Pro Arg Met Ser Thr Ser Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Ile 50 55 60 Met Tyr Lys Lys Thr Val Phe Val Glu Tyr Lys Asp Gln Leu Phe Asn 65 70 75 80 Ile Ala Lys Pro Arg Pro Pro Trp Met Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Thr Ile 85 90 95 Trp Thr Glu Val His Asp Thr Val Val Ile Thr Leu Lys Asn Met Ala 100 105 110 Ser His Pro Val Ser Leu His Ala Val Gly Val Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala 115 120 125 Ser Glu Gly Asp Glu Tyr Glu Asp Gln Thr Ser Gln Met Glu Lys Glu 130 135 140 Asp Asp Lys Val Phe Pro Gly Glu Ser His Thr Tyr Val Trp Gln Val 145 150 155 160 Leu Lys Glu Asn Gly Pro Met Ala Ser Asp Pro Pro Cys Leu Thr Tyr 165 170 175 Ser Tyr Met Ser His Val Asp Leu Val Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Gly Leu 180 185 190 Ile Gly Ala Leu Leu Val Cys Lys Glu Gly Ser Leu Ser Lys Glu Arg 195 200 205 Thr Gln Met Leu Tyr Gln Phe Val Leu Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Asp Glu 210 215 220 Gly Lys Ser Trp His Ser Glu Thr Asn Asp Ser Tyr Thr Gln Ser Met 225 230 235 240 Asp Ser Ala Ser Ala Arg Asp Trp Pro Lys Met His Thr Val Asn Gly 245 250 255 Tyr Val Asn Arg Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Gly Cys His Arg Lys Ser 260 265 270 Val Tyr Trp His Val Ile Gly Met Gly Thr Thr Pro Glu Ile His Ser 275 280 285 Ile Phe Leu Glu Gly His Thr Phe Phe Val Arg Asn His Arg Gln Ala 290 295 300 Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Ile Thr Phe Leu Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Leu 305 310 315 320 Ile Asp Leu Gly Gln Phe Leu Leu Phe Cys His Ile Ser Ser His Lys 325 330 335 His Asp Gly Met Glu Ala Tyr Val Lys Val Asp Ser Cys Pro Glu Glu 340 345 350 Ser Gln Trp Gln Lys Lys Asn Asn Asn Glu Glu Met Glu Asp Tyr Asp 355 360 365 Asp Asp Leu Tyr Ser Glu Met Asp Met Phe Thr Leu Asp Tyr Asp Ser 370 375 380 Ser Pro Phe Ile Gln Ile Arg Ser Val Ala Lys Lys Tyr Pro Lys Thr 385 390 395 400 Trp Ile His Tyr Ile Ser Ala Glu Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Tyr Ala Pro 405 410 415 Ser Val Pro Thr Ser Asp Asn Gly Ser Tyr Lys Ser Gln Tyr Leu Ser 420 425 430 Asn Gly Pro His Arg Ile Gly Arg Lys Tyr Lys Lys Val Arg Phe Ile 435 440 445 Ala Tyr Thr Asp Glu Thr Phe Lys Thr Arg Glu Thr Ile Gln His Glu 450 455 460 Ser Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Glu Val Gly Asp Thr Leu 465 470 475 480 Leu Ile Ile Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Asn Ile Tyr Pro 485 490 495 His Gly Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Pro Leu His Ala Arg Arg Leu Pro Arg 500 505 510 Gly Ile Lys His Val Lys Asp Leu Pro Ile His Pro Gly Glu Ile Phe 515 520 525 Lys Tyr Lys Trp Thr Val Thr Val Glu Asp Gly Pro Thr Lys Ser Asp 530 535 540 Pro Arg Cys Leu Thr Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Ile Asn Pro Glu Arg 545 550 555 560 Asp Leu Ala Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys Tyr Lys Glu 565 570 575 Ser Val Asp Gln Arg Gly Asn Gln Met Met Ser Asp Lys Arg Asn Val 580 585 590 Ile Leu Phe Ser Ile Phe Asp Glu Asn Gln Ser Trp Tyr Ile Thr Glu 595 600 605 Asn Met Gln Arg Phe Leu Pro Asn Ala Ala Lys Thr Gln Pro Gln Asp 610 615 620 Pro Gly Phe Gln Ala Ser Asn Ile Met His Ser Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val 625 630 635 640 Phe Asp Ser Leu Glu Leu Thr Val Cys Leu His Glu Val Ala Tyr Trp 645 650 655 His Ile Leu Ser Val Gly Ala Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Ser Ile Phe Phe 660 665 670 Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Lys His Lys Met Val Tyr Glu Asp Thr Leu Thr 675 680 685 Leu Phe Pro Phe Ser Gly Glu Thr Val Phe Met Ser Met Glu Asn Pro 690 695 700 Gly Leu Trp Val Leu Gly Cys His Asn Ser Asp Phe Arg Lys Arg Gly 705 710 715 720 Met Thr Ala Leu Leu Lys Val Ser Ser Cys Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Asp 725 730 735 Tyr Tyr Glu Glu Ile Tyr Glu Asp Ile Pro Thr Gln Leu Val Asn Glu 740 745 750 Asn Asn Val Ile Asp Pro Arg Ser Phe Phe Gln Asn Thr Asn His Pro 755 760 765 Asn Thr Arg Lys Lys Lys Phe Lys Asp Ser Thr Ile Pro Lys Asn Asp 770 775 780 Met Glu Lys Ile Glu Pro Gln Phe Glu Glu Ile Ala Glu Met Leu Lys 785 790 795 800 Val Gln Ser Val Ser Val Ser Asp Met Leu Met Leu Leu Gly Gln Ser 805 810 815 His Pro Thr Pro His Gly Leu Phe Leu Ser Asp Gly Gln Glu Ala Ile 820 825 830 Tyr Glu Ala Ile His Asp Asp His Ser Pro Asn Ala Ile Asp Ser Asn 835 840 845 Glu Gly Pro Ser Lys Val Thr Gln Leu Arg Pro Glu Ser His His Ser 850 855 860 Glu Lys Ile Val Phe Thr Pro Gln Pro Gly Leu Gln Leu Arg Ser Asn 865 870 875 880 Lys Ser Leu Glu Thr Thr Ile Glu Val Lys Trp Lys Lys Leu Gly Leu 885 890 895 Gln Val Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser Asn Leu Met Thr Thr Thr Ile Leu Ser 900 905 910 Asp Asn Leu Lys Ala Thr Phe Glu Lys Thr Asp Ser Ser Gly Phe Pro 915 920 925 Asp Met Pro Val His Ser Ser Ser Lys Leu Ser Thr Thr Ala Phe Gly 930 935 940 Lys Lys Ala Tyr Ser Leu Val Gly Ser His Val Pro Leu Asn Ala Ser 945 950 955 960 Glu Glu Asn Ser Asp Ser Asn Ile Leu Asp Ser Thr Leu Met Tyr Ser 965 970 975 Gln Glu Ser Leu Pro Arg Asp Asn Ile Leu Ser Ile Glu Asn Asp Arg 980 985 990 Leu Leu Arg Glu Lys Arg Phe His Gly Ile Ala Leu Leu Thr Lys Asp 995 1000 1005 Asn Thr Leu Phe Lys Asp Asn Val Ser Leu Met Lys Thr Asn Lys Thr 1010 1015 1020 Tyr Asn His Ser Thr Thr Asn Glu Lys Leu His Thr Glu Ser Pro Thr 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ser Ile Glu Asn Ser Thr Thr Asp Leu Gln Asp Ala Ile Leu Lys Val 1045 1050 1055 Asn Ser Glu Ile Gln Glu Val Thr Ala Leu Ile His Asp Gly Thr Leu 1060 1065 1070 Leu Gly Lys Asn Ser Thr Tyr Leu Arg Leu Asn His Met Leu Asn Arg 1075 1080 1085 Thr Thr Ser Thr Lys Asn Lys Asp Ile Phe His Arg Lys Asp Glu Asp 1090 1095 1100 Pro Ile Pro Gln Asp Glu Glu Asn Thr Ile Met Pro Phe Ser Lys Met 1105 1110 1115 1120 Leu Phe Leu Ser Glu Ser Ser Asn Trp Phe Lys Lys Thr Asn Gly Asn 1125 1130 1135 Asn Ser Leu Asn Ser Glu Gln Glu His Ser Pro Lys Gln Leu Val Tyr 1140 1145 1150 Leu Met Phe Lys Lys Tyr Val Lys Asn Gln Ser Phe Leu Ser Glu Lys 1155 1160 1165 Asn Lys Val Thr Val Glu Gln Asp Gly Phe Thr Lys Asn Ile Gly Leu 1170 1175 1180 Lys Asp Met Ala Phe Pro His Asn Met Ser Ile Phe Leu Thr Thr Leu 1185 1190 1195 1200 Ser Asn Val His Glu Asn Gly Arg His Asn Gln Glu Lys Asn Ile Gln 1205 1210 1215 Glu Glu Ile Glu Lys Glu Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Lys Val Val Leu Pro 1220 1225 1230 Gln Val His Glu Ala Thr Gly Ser Lys Asn Phe Leu Lys Asp Ile Leu 1235 1240 1245 Ile Leu Gly Thr Arg Gln Asn Ile Ser Leu Tyr Glu Val His Val Pro 1250 1255 1260 Val Leu Gln Asn Ile Thr Ser Ile Asn Asn Ser Thr Asn Thr Val Gln 1265 1270 1275 1280 Ile His Met Glu His Phe Phe Lys Arg Arg Lys Asp Lys Glu Thr Asn 1285 1290 1295 Ser Glu Gly Leu Val Asn Lys Thr Arg Glu Met Val Lys Asn Tyr Pro 1300 1305 1310 Ser Gln Lys Asn Ile Thr Thr Gln Arg Ser Lys Arg Ala Leu Gly Gln 1315 1320 1325 Phe Arg Leu Ser Thr Gln Trp Leu Lys Thr Ile Asn Cys Ser Thr Gln 1330 1335 1340 Cys Ile Ile Lys Gln Ile Asp His Ser Lys Glu Met Lys Lys Phe Ile 1345 1350 1355 1360 Thr Lys Ser Ser Leu Ser Asp Ser Ser Val Ile Lys Ser Thr Thr Gln 1365 1370 1375 Thr Asn Ser Ser Asp Ser His Ile Val Lys Thr Ser Ala Phe Pro Pro 1380 1385 1390 Ile Asp Leu Lys Arg Ser Pro Phe Gln Asn Lys Phe Ser His Val Gln 1395 1400 1405 Ala Ser Ser Tyr Ile Tyr Asp Phe Lys Thr Lys Ser Ser Arg Ile Gln 1410 1415 1420 Glu Ser Asn Asn Phe Leu Lys Glu Thr Lys Ile Asn Asn Pro Ser Leu 1425 1430 1435 1440 Ala Ile Leu Pro Trp Asn Met Phe Ile Asp Gln Gly Lys Phe Thr Ser 1445 1450 1455 Pro Gly Lys Ser Asn Thr Asn Ser Val Thr Tyr Lys Lys Arg Glu Asn 1460 1465 1470 Ile Ile Phe Leu Lys Pro Thr Leu Pro Glu Glu Ser Gly Lys Ile Glu 1475 1480 1485 Leu Leu Pro Gln Val Ser Ile Gln Glu Glu Glu Ile Leu Pro Thr Glu 1490 1495 1500 Thr Ser His Gly Ser Pro Gly His Leu Asn Leu Met Lys Glu Val Phe 1505 1510 1515 1520 Leu Gln Lys Ile Gln Gly Pro Thr Lys Trp Asn Lys Ala Lys Arg His 1525 1530 1535 Gly Glu Ser Ile Lys Gly Lys Thr Glu Ser Ser Lys Asn Thr Arg Ser 1540 1545 1550 Lys Leu Leu Asn His His Ala Trp Asp Tyr His Tyr Ala Ala Gln Ile 1555 1560 1565 Pro Lys Asp Met Trp Lys Ser Lys Glu Lys Ser Pro Glu Ile Ile Ser 1570 1575 1580 Ile Lys Gln Glu Asp Thr Ile Leu Ser Leu Arg Pro His Gly Asn Ser 1585 1590 1595 1600 His Ser Ile Gly Ala Asn Glu Lys Gln Asn Trp Pro Gln Arg Glu Thr 1605 1610 1615 Thr Trp Val Lys Gln Gly Gln Thr Gln Arg Thr Cys Ser Gln Ile Pro 1620 1625 1630 Pro Val Leu Lys Arg His Gln Arg Glu Leu Ser Ala Phe Gln Ser Glu 1635 1640 1645 Gln Glu Ala Thr Asp Tyr Asp Asp Ala Ile Thr Ile Glu Thr Ile Glu 1650 1655 1660 Asp Phe Asp Ile Tyr Ser Glu Asp Ile Lys Gln Gly Pro Arg Ser Phe 1665 1670 1675 1680 Gln Gln Lys Thr Arg His Tyr Phe Ile Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Leu Trp 1685 1690 1695 Asp Tyr Gly Met Ser Thr Ser His Val Leu Arg Asn Arg Tyr Gln Ser 1700 1705 1710 Asp Asn Val Pro Gln Phe Lys Lys Val Val Phe Gln Glu Phe Thr Asp 1715 1720 1725 Gly Ser Phe Ser Gln Pro Leu Tyr Arg Gly Glu Leu Asn Glu His Leu 1730 1735 1740 Gly Leu Leu Gly Pro Tyr Ile Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Asp Asn Ile Met 1745 1750 1755 1760 Val Thr Phe Lys Asn Gln Ala Ser Arg Pro Tyr Ser Phe Tyr Ser Ser 1765 1770 1775 Leu Ile Ser Tyr Lys Glu Asp Gln Arg Gly Glu Glu Pro Arg Arg Asn 1780 1785 1790 Phe Val Lys Pro Asn Glu Thr Lys Ile Tyr Phe Trp Lys Val Gln His 1795 1800 1805 His Met Ala Pro Thr Glu Asp Glu Phe Asp Cys Lys Ala Trp Ala Tyr 1810 1815 1820 Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu Glu Arg Asp Met His Ser Gly Leu Ile Gly 1825 1830 1835 1840 Pro Leu Leu Ile Cys His Ala Asn Thr Leu Asn Pro Ala His Gly Arg 1845 1850 1855 Gln Val Ser Val Gln Glu Phe Ala Leu Leu Phe Thr Ile Phe Asp Glu 1860 1865 1870 Thr Lys Ser Trp Tyr Phe Thr Glu Asn Val Lys Arg Asn Cys Lys Thr 1875 1880 1885 Pro Cys Asn Phe Gln Met Glu Asp Pro Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Tyr Arg 1890 1895 1900 Phe His Ala Ile Asn Gly Tyr Val Met Asp Thr Leu Pro Gly Leu Val 1905 1910 1915 1920 Met Ala Gln Asp Gln Arg Ile Arg Trp Tyr Leu Leu Ser Met Gly Asn 1925 1930 1935 Asn Glu Asn Ile Gln Ser Ile His Phe Ser Gly His Val Phe Thr Val 1940 1945 1950 Arg Lys Lys Glu Glu Tyr Lys Met Ala Val Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Pro Gly 1955 1960 1965 Val Phe Glu Thr Leu Glu Met Ile Pro Ser Arg Ala Gly Ile Trp Arg 1970 1975 1980 Val Glu Cys Leu Ile Gly Glu His Leu Gln Ala Gly Met Ser Thr Leu 1985 1990 1995 2000 Phe Leu Val Tyr Ser Lys Gln Cys Gln Ile Pro Leu Gly Met Ala Ser 2005 2010 2015 Gly Ser Ile Arg Asp Phe Gln Ile Thr Ala Ser Gly His Tyr Gly Gln 2020 2025 2030 Trp Ala Pro Asn Leu Ala Arg Leu His Tyr Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Ala 2035 2040 2045 Trp Ser Thr Lys Glu Pro Phe Ser Trp Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Leu Ala 2050 2055 2060 Pro Met Ile Val His Gly Ile Lys Thr Gln Gly Ala Arg Gln Lys Phe 2065 2070 2075 2080 Ser Ser Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gln Phe Ile Ile Met Tyr Ser Leu Asp Gly 2085 2090 2095 Lys Lys Trp Leu Ser Tyr Gln Gly Asn Ser Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Val 2100 2105 2110 Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Asp Ser Ser Gly Ile Lys His Asn Ser Phe Asn 2115 2120 2125 Pro Pro Ile Ile Ala Arg Tyr Ile Arg Leu His Pro Thr His Ser Ser 2130 2135 2140 Ile Arg Ser Thr Leu Arg Met Glu Leu Met Gly Cys Asp Leu Asn Ser 2145 2150 2155 2160 Cys Ser Ile Pro Leu Gly Met Glu Ser Lys Val Ile Ser Asp Thr Gln 2165 2170 2175 Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe Thr Asn Met Phe Ala Thr Trp Ser Pro 2180 2185 2190 Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu His Leu Gln Gly Arg Thr Asn Ala Trp Arg Pro 2195 2200 2205 Gln Val Asn Asp Pro Lys Gln Trp Leu Gln Val Asp Leu Gln Lys Thr 2210 2215 2220 Met Lys Val Thr Gly Ile Ile Thr Gln Gly Val Lys Ser Leu Phe Thr 2225 2230 2235 2240 Ser Met Phe Val Lys Glu Phe Leu Ile Ser Ser Ser Gln Asp Gly His 2245 2250 2255 His Trp Thr Gln Ile Leu Tyr Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Val Phe Gln Gly 2260 2265 2270 Asn Gln Asp Ser Ser Thr Pro Met Met Asn Ser Leu Asp Pro Pro Leu 2275 2280 2285 Leu Thr Arg Tyr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Gln Ile Trp Glu His Gln Ile 2290 2295 2300 Ala Leu Arg Leu Glu Ile Leu Gly Cys Glu Ala Gln Gln Gln Tyr 2305 2310 2315 7 19 PRT Homo sapiens SIGNAL (1)..(19) Signal peptide of human factor VIII protein. 7 Met Gln Ile Glu Leu Ser Thr Cys Phe Phe Leu Cys Leu Leu Arg Phe 1 5 10 15 Cys Phe Ser 

1. A modified human factor VIII comprising at least one amino acid substitution in the C2 domain wherein the substitution is limited to at least one position selected from the group consisting of 2215, 2313, 2220, 2320, 2195, 2196 and 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 2. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 lacking a B-domain.
 3. The modified human factor VIII of claim 12 wherein the substitution is alanine or lysine substituted for arginine 2215 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 4. The modified human factor VIII of claim 13 wherein the substitution is alanine or lysine substituted for arginine 2220 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 5. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is phenylalanine substituted for tryptophan 2313 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 6. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is alanine substituted for arginine 2320 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 7. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is alanine or serine substituted for phenylalanine 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 8. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is histidine or alanine substituted for tyrosine 2195 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 9. The modified human factor VIII of claim 14 wherein the substitution is leucine or alanine substituted for phenylalanine 2196 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2. 10-11 (Canceled)
 12. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2215 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 13. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2220 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 14. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2196 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2. 15-17 (Canceled)
 18. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has reduced antigenicity as compared to the corresponding human protein.
 19. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has reduced immunogenicity as compared to the corresponding human protein.
 20. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has reduced immunogenicity and reduced antigenicity as compared to the corresponding human protein.
 21. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has a specific activity greater than about 2,000 units per milligram.
 22. The modified human factor VIII of claim 21 which has a specific activity greater than about 3,000 units per milligram.
 23. The modified human factor VIII of claim 22 which has a specific activity greater than about 5,000 units per milligram.
 24. The modified human factor VIII of claim 23 which has a specific activity greater than about 10,000 units per milligram.
 25. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which is a single mutant.
 26. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which is a double mutant.
 27. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which is a triple mutant.
 28. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which is a quadruple mutant.
 29. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has lower antigenicity towards at least one C2-specific inhibitory antibody as compared to the corresponding human factor VIII.
 30. The modified human factor VIII of claim 1 which has an increased or decreased Bethesda titer towards at least one inhibitory antibody preparation as compared to the corresponding human factor VIII or recombinant factor VIII comprising the amino acid sequence of the corresponding human factor VIII. 31-36 (Canceled)
 37. A method for modifying human factor VIII such that reactivity to an inhibitory antibody is reduced and procoagulant activity is retained comprising substituting an immuno-reactivity reducing amino acid for the naturally occurring amino acid in the C2 domain wherein the substitution is limited to at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of 2215, 2313, 2220,2320,2195,2196 and 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2215 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 39. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2313 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 40. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2220 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 41. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2320 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 42. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2195 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 43. The method of claim 37 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2196 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 44. The method of claim 37 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a single mutant.
 45. The method of claim 37 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a double mutant.
 46. The method of claim 37 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a triple mutant.
 47. The method of claim 37 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a quadruple mutant.
 48. A method for modifying human factor VIII such that antigenicity is reduced and procoagulant activity is retained comprising substituting an immunoreactivity reducing amino acid for the naturally occurring amino acid in the C2 domain wherein the substitution is limited to at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of 2215, 2313, 2220, 2320, 2195, 2196 and 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 49. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2215 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 50. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2213 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 51. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2220 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 52. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2320 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 53. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2195 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 54. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2196 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 55. The method of claim 48 wherein at least one of the substitutions is at position 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 56. The method of claim 48 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a single mutant.
 57. The method of claim 48 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a double mutant.
 58. The method of claim 48 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a triple mutant.
 59. The method of claim 48 wherein the modified human factor VIII is a quadruple mutant.
 60. (Canceled)
 61. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified human factor VIII comprising an substitution in the C2 domain wherein is limited to at least one of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of 2215, 2313, 2220,2320, 2195,2196 and 2290 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 62. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 61. 63. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 61 wherein the factor VIII lacks a B-domain.
 64. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 61 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2220 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 65. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 61 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2215 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 66. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 61 wherein one of the substitutions is at position 2196 corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
 67. A host cell transfected with the expression vector of claim
 62. 